An apparatus with at least two electromagnetic radiation sensor cells that include graphene as an electromagnetic radiation absorbing material and electrical connections between the at least two sensor cells. The electrical connections are at least partially made of graphene.

Information of plant based on color of a surface of plant is acquired from image data obtained by imaging plant, allowing to acquire information of plant at low cost, compared to chlorophyll meter or spectroscopic analyzer. In crop production like rice plant, fertilization management including fertilizer application management like fertilizer amount determination, or other agricultural works, is supported through a smart phone or the like based on data to be observed, like converted leaf color value is calculated from image data obtained by crop imaging. Camera is connected to smart phone. Converted leaf color value can be obtained from image data obtained by imaging leaf of rice plant by camera. Converted leaf color value is transmitted to management server, for example, amount information of applied fertilizer is required in case where converted leaf color value is less than standard, can be obtained as management information for fertilizer application management.

A cost effective multicolor sensor and related software achieves a spectral response that closely approximates an ideal photo response to measure optical measurement, for example photosynthetic photo flux density (PPFD). The spectra error of the sensor is smaller than that of the best commercially available sensor at a significantly reduced cost. The sensor may include an 8×2 array of filtered photodiodes and spectral photo sensors that are linearly combined with the appropriate mathematically determined coefficients to create a corrected spectral response curve that has a spectral error much smaller than the best commercial available sensors made by physical coating methods for the entire desired range.

A printed substrate is provided. The printed substrate includes a plurality of color bars printed on a substrate, a space between each of the plurality of color bars and an image printed in the space between at least two of the color bars. An embedded color bar and a method of printing an embedded color bar are also provided.

An integrated radiation sensor for color matching functions comprises a plurality of color matching channels, each color matching channel comprising a radiation sensing element and an associated optical filter defining a spectral sensitivity profile corresponding to a color matching function. The sensors comprise a plurality of compensation channels, each compensation channel comprising a radiation sensing element and an associated optical filter defining a spectral sensitivity profile for use in compensating a color sensed by the color matching channels. The spectral sensitivity profile of each compensation channel substantially corresponds to a mean of an upper deviation spectra and a lower deviation spectra, wherein the upper deviation spectra corresponds to a spectral sensitivity profile of a typical color matching channel increased by a fixed deviation in wavelength and the lower deviation spectra corresponds to the spectral sensitivity profile of the typical color matching channel decreased by the fixed deviation in wavelength.

An integrated radiation sensor for color matching functions comprises a plurality of color matching channels, each color matching channel comprising a radiation sensing element and an associated optical filter defining a spectral sensitivity profile corresponding to a color matching function. The sensors comprise a plurality of compensation channels, each compensation channel comprising a radiation sensing element and an associated optical filter defining a spectral sensitivity profile for use in compensating a color sensed by the color matching channels. The spectral sensitivity profile of each compensation channel substantially corresponds to a mean of an upper deviation spectra and a lower deviation spectra, wherein the upper deviation spectra corresponds to a spectral sensitivity profile of a typical color matching channel increased by a fixed deviation in wavelength and the lower deviation spectra corresponds to the spectral sensitivity profile of the typical color matching channel decreased by the fixed deviation in wavelength.

A method and apparatus for determining a presence, color and/or brightness of a plurality of components in a printed circuit board, where the components are biased either with constant current or with a current pulse.

A method and apparatus for determining a presence, color and/or brightness of a plurality of components in a printed circuit board, where the components are biased either with constant current or with a current pulse.

In order to provide a single-unit sensor which serves as both an illuminance sensor and a proximity sensor, the sensor (1) includes a light receiving element section (E1), an infrared cut-off filter (IRcutF), and a switching section (SWS) for switching spectral characteristics of the light receiving element section (E1). The infrared cut-off filter (IRcutF) has an opening, and an infrared light receiving P-N junction (PDir) is provided at a location deeper in a substrate than a visible light receiving P-N junction (PDvis).

In order to provide a single-unit sensor which serves as both an illuminance sensor and a proximity sensor, the sensor (1) includes a light receiving element section (E1), an infrared cut-off filter (IRcutF), and a switching section (SWS) for switching spectral characteristics of the light receiving element section (E1). The infrared cut-off filter (IRcutF) has an opening, and an infrared light receiving P-N junction (PDir) is provided at a location deeper in a substrate than a visible light receiving P-N junction (PDvis).