Apparatus for use in sensing temperature in a wellbore, comprising: tubing comprising a plurality of temperature sensor modules provided at locations along the inside of the tubing, said temperature sensor modules comprising temperature sensors provided at least in part by at least one resistive element having electrical properties that vary with temperature; an electrical network configured to electrically connect to the resistive elements to in use allow measuring of the respective electrical properties of the resistive elements to infer a thermal characteristic of the resistive element; and at least one control module electrically connected to multiple temperature sensor modules, via the electrical network, and configured to receive and process an electrical signal associated with the temperature sensor modules to enable inference of the temperature of the resistive elements and the environment to which the tubing is exposed at the location of that resistive element.

The present invention provides a thermal sensor integrated IC having a resistor and a converting circuit. The resistor is implemented by at least one metal line, wherein a resistance of the resistor is varied with a temperature of the resistor, the resistor has a first terminal and a second terminal, and one of the first terminal and the second terminal is arranged to provide a voltage signal corresponding to the resistance. The converting circuit is coupled to the resistor, and is configured to convert the voltage signal to an output signal for determining the temperature. In one embodiment, the at least one metal line is made by copper.

The monitoring of an electrical equipment item includes two electrically insulated circuits, a screen in the form of a film arranged between the two circuits, the screen comprising a substrate and a conductive filament arranged on the substrate, a module configured to circulate a current in the conductive filament and to monitor the current.

The present disclosure relates to a thin film sensor element for determining and/or monitoring temperature. For this purpose, a resistive structure is provided, which is arranged in a resistive region on a substrate. The resistive structure is so formed that a first section of the resistive structure branches at a first reference point into two branches, and that a second section of the resistive structure branches at a second reference point into two other branches. In a contact region, the four branches are connected with four intermediate conductors in four contact areas, which are insulated from one another. In this way, the thin film sensor element is a real four conductor sensor element, wherein the reference points of the four conductor circuit lie within the resistive region. The resistance thermometer with the thin film sensor element of the invention is distinguished by a high accuracy.

A method of calibrating temperature of a resistive element having a material with a Curie temperature includes generating a standard resistance-temperature (R-T) curve for the resistive element in isothermal conditions to identify values of the R-T curve and an inflection point at the Curie temperature, generating operational R-T curves for the resistive element over an operational time period, comparing the standard R-T curve to the operational R-T curves, and adjusting the operational curves to the standard R-T curve at the Curie temperature to calibrate temperature of the resistive element.

Internal electrodes, a protective film, and protective films covering the top parts of internal electrode sides of lead wires are formed on a top surface of a substrate of a temperature sensor element, thereby making the overall shape a quadrangular prism and the transverse cross-section nearly a square even at any portion in the axial direction. A heating part of the temperature sensor element is provided near the center along the length, the height, and the width of the element, thereby preventing deviation of heat generation and stabilizing heat release to the lead wires. This allows the temperature sensor element to suppress fluctuation in detected temperatures due to mounting angle.

The disclosure relates to a method for determining a temperature of a variable-transparency, switchable pane, which has a variable-transparency layer, which is arranged to switch said pane between two transparent electrically conductive contact layers, wherein, in the method, a control apparatus of the switchable pane applies an electrical voltage to at least one of the two contact layers and determines an electric current resulting in each case from the voltage. In this case, depending on the applied voltage and the current resulting in each case, a respective ohmic resistance value and/or a combination of electrical capacitance value and ohmic resistance value of the variable-transparency layer is determined and at least one temperature value is determined therefrom by a predetermined allocation rule.

The disclosure generally relates to a hybrid design whereby a heat spreader arranged to reduce an external skin temperature on a handheld device may further enable the external skin temperature to be directly measured. For example, the heat spreader may be thermally coupled to at least one external surface and include at least one region in which a plurality of recesses are formed such that an electrical resistance is produced in the at least one region when a current is applied thereto. The heat spreader may be formed from a material having a substantially linear resistance-to-temperature correlation, whereby the electrical resistance produced in the at least one region may be measured and correlated to a temperature on the at least one external surface.

Various embodiments include method for determining a temperature of an active layer of a heating resistor for a recuperation system of a motor vehicle comprising: determining an instantaneous value of a current flowing through the active layer of the heating resistor at a first time; determining an instantaneous value of a voltage present on the active layer at the first time; calculating an instantaneous value of an electrical resistance based on the determined instantaneous value of the current and the determined instantaneous value of the voltage; and determining an instantaneous value of a temperature of the active layer from the calculated value of the electrical resistance.

A method of determining the temperature of a motor winding of an electric motor, in particular of an electric door drive motor includes determining the electric resistance of the motor winding as a measure for the temperature. The method also includes the steps of providing the electric motor with at least one current sensing resistor and applying an electric voltage to the motor winding.