A method indicates to a user the fuel consumption and/or efficiency of a heating installation having a heat pump with a thermal compressor, a heating fluid distribution circuit and radiators receiving a first quantity of energy Q1. The method includes the steps: Aof determining, over a predetermined time period a second quantity of energy Q2, corresponding to the supply of heat energy used to drive the compressor, Bof determining, over the same predetermined time period, a third quantity of energy Q3 corresponding to free energy taken from the external environment, Cof displaying the quantities Q2 and Q3, in relation to the predetermined time period, on a display screen and/or in a document for invoicing the customer.

A method of controlling cooling water treatment may involve measuring operating data of one or more downstream heat exchangers that receive cooling water from the cooling tower. For example, the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot and cold streams of a downstream heat exchanger may be measured. Data from the streams passing through the heat exchanger may be used to determine a heat transfer efficiency for the heat exchanger. The heat transfer efficiency can be trended over a period of time and changes in the trend detected to identify cooling water fouling issues. Multiple potential causes of the perceived fouling issues can be evaluated to determine a predicted cause. A chemical additive selected to reduce, eliminate, or otherwise control the cooling water fouling can be controlled based on the predicted cause of the fouling.

An apparatus and a process for experimentally determining a heat transfer coefficient of a surface which includes a duct having an outer passage for water flow and an inner passage for air flow, the two passages separated by a thin wall membrane such that the water flow establishes a datum temperature on the thin wall membrane, and where air flowing through the second passage and over the thin wall membrane surface which can include heat transfer enhancements features will be heated by the features, and where the heat transfer coefficient can be determined from the surface temperature of the thin wall membrane and the change in temperature of the air flow. The duct with the thin wall membrane and heat transfer enhancement features is produced using a plastic or metallic additive manufacture process for low cost and quit turnaround time.

An apparatus and a process for experimentally determining a heat transfer coefficient of a surface which includes a duct having an outer passage for water flow and an inner passage for air flow, the two passages separated by a thin wall membrane such that the water flow establishes a datum temperature on the thin wall membrane, and where air flowing through the second passage and over the thin wall membrane surface which can include heat transfer enhancements features will be heated by the features, and where the heat transfer coefficient can be determined from the surface temperature of the thin wall membrane and the change in temperature of the air flow. The duct with the thin wall membrane and heat transfer enhancement features is produced using a plastic or metallic additive manufacture process for low cost and quit turnaround time.

A method for determining the degree of heat treatment of a liquid product in a liquid product processing system involves measuring at least a first value representing the temperature of the liquid product within a first time period; measuring at least a second value representing the flow of the liquid product within the first time period; and calculating at least a first heat treatment index value based on the first and second values, wherein the heat treatment index value is associated with a current degree of heat treatment of the liquid product.

A method for determining the degree of heat treatment of a liquid product in a liquid product processing system involves measuring at least a first value representing the temperature of the liquid product within a first time period; measuring at least a second value representing the flow of the liquid product within the first time period; and calculating at least a first heat treatment index value based on the first and second values, wherein the heat treatment index value is associated with a current degree of heat treatment of the liquid product.

Embodiments for assessing energy in a fluid transfer pump system in a cloud computing environment by a processor. A fluid flow rate may be cognitively determined according to a tracer stimulus, injected into the fluid transfer pump system, and adequately detected by one or more Internet of Things (IoT) sensors located at one or more selected positions of a piping network in the fluid transfer pump system.

A method for operating and/or monitoring an HVAC system (10), in which a medium circulating in a primary circuit (26) flows through at least one energy consumer (11, 12, 13), the medium entering with a volume flow () through a supply line (14) into the energy consumer (11, 12, 13) at a supply temperature (T.sub.v) and leaving the energy consumer (11, 12, 13) at a return temperature (T.sub.R) via a return line (15), and transferring heat or cooling energy to the energy consumer (11, 12, 13) in an energy flow (E). A control unit (21) adaptively operates the system by empirically determining the dependence of the energy flow (F) and/or the temperature difference T between supply temperature (T.sub.v) and return temperature (T.sub.R) on the volume flow () for the energy consumers (11, 12, 13) in a first step, and by operating and/or monitoring the HVAC system (10) according to the determined dependency or dependencies in a second step.

A method for operating and/or monitoring an HVAC system (10), in which a medium circulating in a primary circuit (26) flows through at least one energy consumer (11, 12, 13), the medium entering with a volume flow () through a supply line (14) into the energy consumer (11, 12, 13) at a supply temperature (T.sub.v) and leaving the energy consumer (11, 12, 13) at a return temperature (T.sub.R) via a return line (15), and transferring heat or cooling energy to the energy consumer (11, 12, 13) in an energy flow (E). A control unit (21) adaptively operates the system by empirically determining the dependence of the energy flow (F) and/or the temperature difference T between supply temperature (T.sub.v) and return temperature (T.sub.R) on the volume flow () for the energy consumers (11, 12, 13) in a first step, and by operating and/or monitoring the HVAC system (10) according to the determined dependency or dependencies in a second step.

The invention relates to a method for operating and/or monitoring an HVAC system (10), in which medium circulating in a primary circuit (26) flows through at least one energy consumer (11, 12, 13), the medium entering with a volume flow () through a supply line (14) into the energy consumer (11, 12, 13) at a supply temperature (T.sub.V) and leaving the energy consumer (11, 12, 13) at a return temperature (T.sub.R) via a return line (15), and transferring heat or cooling energy to the energy consumer (11, 12, 13) in an energy flow (E). A considerable improvement in the operating behavior of the system is achieved by empirically determining the dependence of the energy flow (E) and/or the temperature difference (AT) between supply temperature (T.sub.V) and return temperature (T.sub.R) on the volume flow () for the energy consumers (11, 12, 13) in a first step, and by operating and/or monitoring the HVAC system (10) according to the determined dependency or dependencies in a second step.