Transducer assemblies may include a sensor and a housing including a pass-through portion comprising at least one aperture in a portion of the housing extending along a longitudinal axis of the housing and the sensor. Methods of forming transducer assemblies may include welding a first housing section of the transducer assembly to a second housing portion of the transducer assembly and forming at least one aperture in the first housing section extending along a longitudinal axis of the transducer assembly, along a chamber for holding a sensor, and through the weld.

Resonating sensors for use in high-pressure and high-temperature environments are provided. In one embodiment, an apparatus includes a sensor with a double-ended tuning fork piezoelectric resonator that includes a first tine and a second tine. These tines are spaced apart from one another so as to form a slot between the first and second tines. The width of the slot from the first tine to the second tine varies along the lengths of the first and second tines. Various other resonators, devices, systems, and methods are also disclosed.

Improvements in ingestible electronics with the capacity to sense physiologic and pathophysiologic states have transformed the standard of care for patients. Yet despite advances in device development, significant risks associated with solid, non-flexible gastrointestinal transiting systems remain. Here, we disclose an ingestible, flexible piezoelectric device that senses mechanical deformation within the gastric cavity. We demonstrate the capabilities of the sensor in both in vitro and ex vivo simulated gastric models, quantified its key behaviors in the GI tract by using computational modeling, and validated its functionality in awake and ambulating swine. Our piezoelectric devices can safely sense mechanical variations and harvest mechanical energy inside the gastrointestinal tract for diagnosing and treating motility disorders and for monitoring ingestion in bariatric applications.

A compound sensor that is capable of being used with robotics is provided such that the compound sensor includes a distance measurement unit and a pressure measurement unit. Further, a contact detection unit, which is dedicated to performing a detection when a measurement target contacts with a surface of the sensor is included.

Systems described herein relate to sensing pressure. In one arrangement, a pressure sensor is disclosed. The pressure sensor includes a circuit including a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor. The circuit generates an electrical resonance. The resistor is an elastomer having a resistance and connected to an outer surface of an inflatable. The pressure sensor also includes a resonator connected to the circuit. The resonator generates a mechanical resonance coupling with the electrical resonance to create a detuning frequency having a sublinear dependence on the resistance of the elastomer. A pressure of the inflatable correlates with the detuning frequency.

System, methods, and other embodiments described herein relate to tuning a mechanical resonator for detecting a significant value using an electrical resonator that enhances sensitivity. In one embodiment, a system includes a mechanical resonator having a beam coupled to a body. The system also includes an electrical resonator coupled through a patch to the mechanical resonator, the electrical resonator operating as a shunt and having an inductor and a resistor (LR) circuit in series. The system also includes the electrical resonator that detects, associated with a perturbation of the body, an exceptional point (EP) of the mechanical resonator by varying the LR circuit according to a model.

Resonating sensors for use in high-pressure and high-temperature environments are provided. In one embodiment, an apparatus includes a sensor with a double-ended tuning fork piezoelectric resonator that includes a first tine and a second tine. These tines are spaced apart from one another so as to form a slot between the first and second tines. The width of the slot from the first tine to the second tine varies along the lengths of the first and second tines. Various other resonators, devices, systems, and methods are also disclosed.

Transducer assemblies may include a sensor and a housing including a pass-through portion comprising at least one aperture in a portion of the housing extending along a longitudinal axis of the housing and the sensor. Methods of forming transducer assemblies may include welding a first housing section of the transducer assembly to a second housing portion of the transducer assembly and forming at least one aperture in the first housing section extending along a longitudinal axis of the transducer assembly, along a chamber for holding a sensor, and through the weld.

Arrays of resonator sensors include an active wafer array comprising a plurality of active wafers, a first end cap array coupled to a first side of the active wafer array, and a second end cap array coupled to a second side of the active wafer array. Thickness shear mode resonator sensors may include an active wafer coupled to a first end cap and a second end cap. Methods of forming a plurality of resonator sensors include forming a plurality of active wafer locations and separating the active wafer locations to form a plurality of discrete resonator sensors. Thickness shear mode resonator sensors may be produced by such methods.

A transmitting piezoelectric element and receiving piezoelectric elements and are arranged on a vibrating plate opposed to each opening of openings of a piezoelectric sensor, and, when an external force is applied in a vertical direction with respect to the vibrating plate opposed to the openings, a region which has a maximum principal stress which is a maximum value of the stress of the vibrating plate is a first region, and a region which has a minimum principal stress which is a minimum value of the stress of the vibrating plate is a second region, the receiving piezoelectric elements and are arranged in the first region and the transmitting piezoelectric element is arranged in the second region.