Detecting systems configured to detect airborne viruses, and methods of forming the same, are provide. A method for preparing a system for detecting an airborne virus includes preparing a thin-film coating on a surface of a substrate; ablating the coating to form an optical grating structure; and associating a plurality of receptors having an affinity and specificity for the virus with the optical grating structure so that the structure is capable of indicating the presence of the virus. A detecting system includes the optical grating structure and an optical component. The optical component includes a cavity defined by two opposing reflecting surfaces and configured to receive the optical grating structure, and a light source disposed adjacent to an exterior surface of a first reflecting surface. The light source may be configured to direct light towards the first reflecting surface so that light in resonance enters the cavity.

Techniques herein include an apparatus and method for measuring and monitoring properties of fluids consumed in a semiconductor fabrication process. The apparatus includes a flow cell having a hollow chamber, a first chamber sidewall of the hollow chamber bisecting the length of the flow cell, the first chamber sidewall having a predetermined angle to the incoming direction of light from the first light source; a refractive index sensor configured to detect the light from the first light source transmitted through the hollow chamber of the flow cell and exiting the flow cell through the second flow cell sidewall of the at least six flow cell sidewalls; and a first light sensor configured to detect the light from the first light source scattered off the fluid in the hollow chamber.

This invention this invention is a device and method for validating the identity of a liquid in a container that is transparent to light, while the liquid is in the container, without physically invading container. The liquid is particularly suited for validating vaccines such as the vaccine for COVID-19. The invention uses light from a refractometer and/or nephelometer, passing into and reflected out of the transparent wall of the container, to characterize the liquid.

The hybrid measurement system includes an evanescent prism coupling spectroscopy (EPCS) sub-system and a light-scattering polarimetry (LSP) sub-system. The EPCS sub-system includes an EPCS light source system optically coupled to an EPCS detector system through an EPCS coupling prism. The LSP sub-system includes an LSP light source optically coupled to an optical compensator, which in turn is optically coupled to a LSP detector system via a LSP coupling prism. A support structure supports the EPCS and LSP coupling prisms to define a coupling prism assembly, which supports the two prisms at a measurement location. Stress measurements made using the EPCS and LSP sub-systems are combined to fully characterize the stress properties of a transparent chemically strengthened substrate. Methods of processing the EPCS and LSP measurements and enhanced configurations of the EPCS and LPS sub-systems to improve measurement accuracy are also disclosed.

A refractometer includes an enclosure, a single use prism, a light source, and an index of refraction (IoR) sensor. The single use prism is removably disposed within the enclosure. The light source and IoR sensor are disposed within the housing and are configured to be repeatably used with a series of single use prisms of similar construction. One single use prism can be removed after being used, and a new single use prism can be installed in the enclosure for use with the same light source and IoR sensor as were used with the first prism.

A refraction measuring apparatus measures refractive properties of an eye by two light bundles respectively passing through two apertures, the apparatus including: a first rotational member, rotatably supported about a first rotational center, provided with the two apertures on either side of the first rotational center; a second rotational member, rotatably supported about a second rotational center, provided with a light-transmission portion(s) and a light-shielding portion at different rotational-direction positions. When the first rotational member is rotated, the second rotational member rotates, and while an aperture arrangement direction of the two apertures changes in accordance with the rotation of the second rotational member, a light-transmission state is entered, in which the light-transmission portion coincides with the two apertures to allow the two light bundles to pass through, or a light-shielding state is entered, in which the light-shielding portion coincides with the two apertures to shield the two light bundles.

Techniques herein include an apparatus and method for measuring and monitoring properties of fluids consumed in a semiconductor fabrication process. The apparatus includes a flow cell having a hollow chamber, a first chamber sidewall of the hollow chamber bisecting the length of the flow cell, the first chamber sidewall having a predetermined angle to the incoming direction of light from the first light source; a refractive index sensor configured to detect the light from the first light source transmitted through the hollow chamber of the flow cell and exiting the flow cell through the second flow cell sidewall of the at least six flow cell sidewalls; and a first light sensor configured to detect the light from the first light source scattered off the fluid in the hollow chamber.

The invention provides differential refractive index detectors and methods for the use of differential refractive index detectors. In an exemplary embodiment, a differential refractive index detector includes a flow cell body having a proximal end, a distal end, and a flow axis extending between the proximal and the distal end. The flow cell body includes a first chamber and a second chamber and the fluid conduits coupled to the flow cell body can be tapered to reduce dispersion.

A refractive index distribution estimating system includes an illumination optical system configured to illuminate a sample, an imaging optical system configured to form an optical sample image, an image sensor configured to capture optical images of the sample, and a processor configured to reconstruct a refractive index distribution of the sample from images. The processor performs processing including the steps of: estimating the sample; calculating the estimated sample image from a plurality of first wavefronts emanating from a plurality of modeled light sources; optimizing a refractive index distribution of the estimated sample from a plurality of second wavefronts after the first wavefronts pass through the estimated sample, the captured image, and the image of the estimated sample; updating the estimation sample by repeating calculation of the estimated sample image and optimization of the refractive index distribution of the estimated sample; and reconstructing and outputting a structure of the estimated sample.

The present disclosure embodies an improved optical instrument that includes an embodied fitting to the standardized probe with the optical structure to facilitate refractometer optics to the probe tip with a turbidity and/or color meter to form an embodied optical multimeter.