Optical sample characterization facilitates measurement and testing at any angle in a full range of angles of light propagation through an optical sample, such as a coated glass plate, having a higher than air index of refraction. A rotatable assembly includes a cylinder having a hollow, and a receptacle including the hollow. The receptacle also contains a fluid with a known refractive index. An optical light beam is input normal to the surface of the cylinder, travels through the cylinder, then via the fluid, to the optical sample, where light beam is transmitted and/or reflected, then exits the cylinder and is collected for analysis. Due at least in part to the fluid surrounding the optical sample, the optical sample can be rotated through a full range of angles (90, etc.) for full range testing of the optical sample.

A sheet discriminator, which can be included in an image forming apparatus, includes an optical information detector, a sheet distinguisher, and a sheet thickness detector. The optical information detector includes a light emitter to emit light to a recording medium and a light receiver to receive the light and detects information of the recording medium. The sheet distinguisher distinguishes a type of the recording medium based on the information detected by the optical information detector. The sheet thickness detector includes a displacement gauge to sandwich the recording medium with an opposing member disposed facing the displacement gauge and to move from an initial position thereof and a displacement detector to detect an amount of displacement of the displacement gauge. The sheet thickness detector detects a thickness of the recording medium based on detection results obtained by the displacement detector.

Methods of testing pharmaceutical compositions for the presence or absence of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) crystallinity in an amorphous solid dispersion or solid-state solution using UV/vis spectrometry is provided. Testing may be performed standalone or during manufacturing of a pharmaceutical composition. A predictive model provides for quantitative analysis of the amount of crystalline API based on UV/vis data of corresponding reference samples. Also provided is an apparatus for manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition.

A method for measuring a thickness and optical constants of a multi-layer film comprises the following steps: 1: depositing films on a substrate to form a multi-layer film; 2: measuring an ellipsometric spectrum of the multi-layer film; 3: when the film layer of the multi-layer film is the diamond film, step 41 is executed; when the film layer of the multi-layer film is the diamond-like film, steps 42, 5, and 6 are executed; 41: obtaining optical constants and a thickness of the film layer of the multi-layer film; 42: selecting a spectral region defining a transparent section of the film layer of the multi-layer film, and obtaining optical constants and a thickness of the film layer of the multi-layer film; 5: adjusting an amplitude and a width of an oscillator model according to the ellipsometric spectrum; and 6: evaluating a difference between an experimental value and a fitted value.

A method for analysing a sample comprising a layer having a first interface and a second interface, the method comprising: Irradiating the sample with a pulse of terahertz radiation, said pulse comprising a plurality of frequencies in the range from 0.01 THz to 10 THz; Detecting radiation reflected from the sample to produce a sample waveform; Obtaining a first reflection waveform from the sample waveform, the first reflection waveform corresponding to the reflection from the first interface; Obtaining a second reflection waveform from the sample waveform, the second reflection waveform corresponding to the reflection from the second interface; Comparing the first reflection waveform with the second reflection wave-form to produce an estimate of a thickness and a complex refractive index of the layer; Producing a synthesised signal using the estimate of the thickness and complex refractive index; Varying at least one of the thickness and complex refractive index to reduce an error between the sample waveform and the synthesised signal; and Outputting the thickness of the layer.

An optical feature information extraction system according to the present disclosure includes a light source part which generates light having a plurality of wavelengths; a photodetecting part which detects light of each wavelength by any one of scattering, transmission, and reflection of the generated light with respect to an object; an analog front end part amplifying a first measurement value from the photodetecting part; and a control part which extracts an optical feature value for the object based on the amplified first measurement value.

Implementations disclosed describe a system including a light source, an optical sensor, and a processing device. The light source directs, during a first time, a probe light into a processing chamber through a window. The light source ceases, during a second time, directing the probe light into the processing chamber through the window. The optical sensor detects, during the first time, a first intensity of a first light. The first light includes a portion of the probe light reflected from the window and a light transmitted from an environment of the processing chamber through the window. The optical sensor detects, during the second time, a second intensity of a second light. The second light includes the light transmitted from the environment of the processing chamber through the window. The processing device determines, using the first intensity and the second intensity, a transmission coefficient of the window.

A multifeed detection device according to the present disclosure includes: a light source configured to irradiate a sheet with light; a light receiver configured to receive transmission light transmitted through a sheet and reflection light reflected by a sheet; and a controller configured to acquire, from the light receiver, transmission output data that is output data of the transmission light and reflection output data that is output data of the reflection light, the controller being configured to determine whether or not a multifeed of sheets has occurred based on the transmission output data and the reflection output data.

The present disclosure generally pertains to systems and methods for measuring the surface reflectivity of an excited sample. Such systems may be useful in understanding the transient processes created when materials are energetically excited and how they subsequently evolve. By using various techniques to reduce dispersion and improve signal quality, the disclosed systems are capable of accurately measuring these transient processes across a wide spectral range. In addition, the systems can achieve this accuracy with a far less expensive and complicated setup than would be required for many other optical spectroscopy approaches.