Described herein are apparatus and methods for detecting substances of abuse or other analytes in liquids. For example, the apparatus and methods described herein can be used for real-time detection of analytes, such as substances of abuse. The methods comprise providing a detection area comprising a chromatographic membrane capable of receiving the liquid and allowing for migration of the liquid, the chromatographic membrane comprising an anti-analyte antibody-particle conjugate, an analyte-conjugate protein at a test line; exposing at least the first location of the apparatus to the liquid; and determining whether an interaction between the analyte-conjugate protein and the liquid occurs to detect the presence of the analyte. The chromatographic membrane may further comprise an anti-species antibody at a control line. Specific buffers are disclosed, and these buffers may be used in the preparation of the apparatus to overcome challenges associated with miniaturization and challenges associated with exposure to beverages.

A continuous glucose monitoring system may include a hand-held monitor, a transmitter, an insulin pump, and an orthogonally redundant glucose sensor, which may comprise an optical glucose sensor and a non-optical glucose sensor. The former may be a fiber optical sensor, including a competitive glucose binding affinity assay with a glucose analog and a fluorophore-labeled glucose receptor, which is interrogated by an optical interrogating system, e.g., a stacked planar integrated optical system. The non-optical sensor may be an electrochemical sensor having a plurality of electrodes distributed along the length thereof. Proximal portions of the optical and electrochemical sensors may be housed inside the transmitter and operationally coupled with instrumentation for, e.g., receiving signals from the sensors, converting to respective glucose values, and communicating the glucose values. The sensors' distal portions may be inserted into a user's body via a single delivery needle and may be co-located inside the user's body.

Described herein are a wearable apparatus and methods for detecting the presence of a targeted substance in a liquid. For example, the wearable apparatus can be a fingernail that detects illicit drugs in a beverage. The wearable apparatus comprises a detection layer comprising an indicator that is configured to display a signal upon the detection of an interaction with the targeted substance. In some examples, the wearable apparatus can include a lateral flow assay.

One aspect of the present disclosure relates to an analyte sensor device. The analyte sensor device can include an optode layer that undergoes an optical change in the presence of an analyte. The analyte sensor device can also include a selectively-permeable membrane encapsulating the optode layer to form a stable membrane that that minimizes fouling of the analyte sensor device. The analyte sensor device can also include a plurality of microparticles that suppress a background physical interference on a detection of the optical change of the optode layer.

The present disclosure relates to a sensor cap for an optochemical sensor for determining or monitoring at least one analyte present in a medium having a substantially cylindrical plug-in component and a sleeve-shaped outer component. The plug-in component has an optical component with a convex-shaped surface region for optimal flow, and the optical component at least partially consists of a material transparent to measuring radiation. On the surface region of the optical component is an analyte-sensitive matrix having at least one functional layer. The plug-in component and the sleeve-shaped component are designed such that the connecting region coming into contact with the medium is between the plug-in component and the sleeve-shaped outer component in the edge region of the optical component or is at a radial distance from the edge region of the optical component, and is sealed, without a gap, facing the medium.

The present disclosure concerns a membrane for a sensor, such as an opto-chemical or electrochemical sensor, including a polymer layer, for example, one featuring pores or openings, that is permeable to a measuring fluid and/or an analyte contained in the measuring fluid, with a surface designed to be in contact with a measuring fluid, wherein the surface is designed such that, at least in a moist condition of the polymer layer obtained by moistening the surface, a contact angle of a water drop applied to the surface is less than 50, including less than 30, and including less than 10.

A gas sensor includes a plurality of detectors discolored by reacting with different predetermined target gases, such that the gas sensor independently measures the amount of each target gas. A refrigerator for deciding a type and state of target food contained in a container by sensing a color change of a gas sensor mounted to the container including the target food, and a method for controlling the gas sensor are disclosed. The gas sensor for detecting a plurality of target gases includes a base and a plurality of detectors provided at the base. The detectors respectively detect different target gases, and each detector is discolored by reacting with each predetermined target gas.

A continuous glucose monitoring system may include a hand-held monitor, a transmitter, an insulin pump, and an orthogonally redundant glucose sensor, which may comprise an optical glucose sensor and a non-optical glucose sensor. The former may be a fiber optical sensor, including a competitive glucose binding affinity assay with a glucose analog and a fluorophore-labeled glucose receptor, which is interrogated by an optical interrogating system, e.g., a stacked planar integrated optical system. The non-optical sensor may be an electrochemical sensor having a plurality of electrodes distributed along the length thereof. Proximal portions of the optical and electrochemical sensors may be housed inside the transmitter and operationally coupled with instrumentation for, e.g., receiving signals from the sensors, converting to respective glucose values, and communicating the glucose values. The sensors' distal portions may be inserted into a user's body via a single delivery needle and may be co-located inside the user's body.

The present disclosure relates to a sensor for indicating food quality comprising a semi-permeable film layer, the semi-permeable film layer comprising at least one integrally formed well having at least one sensing element disposed therein; wherein the well is sealed by a second film layer, the semi-permeable film layer being impermeable to said sensing element but is permeable to at least one analyte detectable by said sensing element.

A system and associated method for determining the presence of a reactive compound in an analyte, including a membrane having a plurality of channels or pores having surfaces affixed with one or more of functionalized nanoporous materials, antibodies, and proteins capable of reacting with the reactive compound in the analyte and changing the porosity of the membrane from a first porosity to a second porosity; a fluid source for contacting the membrane with a fluid; a gasochromic material configured such that a portion of the fluid in contact with the membrane flows through the plurality of channels or pores and contacts the gasochromic material; an excitation source capable of exciting the gasochromic material to generate an emission; a detection device capable of detecting the emission; and a processor configured to process data obtained by the detection device corresponding to the first porosity or the second porosity of the membrane.