A method for measuring respective flowrates of gas phase and liquid phase in a multiphase fluid using a critical flow nozzle flowmeter. The critical flow nozzle flowmeter includes a throttling nozzle having an inlet, an outlet and a throat, and the throat has a smallest flow area for flowing fluid; a gamma ray detector, including a gamma ray emitter and a gamma ray receiver, arranged in a way allowing the gamma ray emitted by the gamma ray emitter to pass through a cross-section at the inlet of the throttling nozzle in a diametrical direction to reach the gamma ray receiver; pressure sensors respectively configured for measuring the pressure P.sub.1 at the inlet of the throttling zone and the pressure P.sub.2 at the outlet of the throttling nozzle; and a temperature sensor configured for measuring the temperature T.sub.1 at the inlet of the throttling nozzle.

A method for measuring respective flowrates of gas phase and liquid phase in a multiphase fluid using a critical flow nozzle flowmeter. The critical flow nozzle flowmeter includes a throttling nozzle having an inlet, an outlet and a throat, and the throat has a smallest flow area for flowing fluid; a gamma ray detector, including a gamma ray emitter and a gamma ray receiver, arranged in a way allowing the gamma ray emitted by the gamma ray emitter to pass through a cross-section at the inlet of the throttling nozzle in a diametrical direction to reach the gamma ray receiver; pressure sensors respectively configured for measuring the pressure P.sub.1 at the inlet of the throttling zone and the pressure P.sub.2 at the outlet of the throttling nozzle; and a temperature sensor configured for measuring the temperature T.sub.1 at the inlet of the throttling nozzle.

A gamma ray detector is a detector detecting gamma rays and includes a photomultiplier tube having an entrance window and a photoelectric surface. The entrance window is a Cherenkov radiator. The photoelectric surface is formed on a vacuum side of the entrance window via an intermediate layer. The thickness of the intermediate layer is equal to or less than the wavelength of Cherenkov light emitted by an interaction of the gamma rays with the entrance window.

A gamma ray detector is a detector detecting gamma rays and includes a photomultiplier tube having an entrance window and a photoelectric surface. The entrance window is a Cherenkov radiator. The photoelectric surface is formed on a vacuum side of the entrance window via an intermediate layer. The thickness of the intermediate layer is equal to or less than the wavelength of Cherenkov light emitted by an interaction of the gamma rays with the entrance window.

A method of scanning a chemical processing vessel and diagnosing a problem within the chemical processing vessel and/or a problem with a process occurring within the chemical processing vessel, the method comprising: scanning the chemical processing vessel with at least one radiation source and at least one detector to generate density profile data for the chemical processing vessel; saving the density profile data; generating a representation of the chemical processing vessel; associating the density profile data with the representation of the chemical processing vessel whereby each data point of the density profile data is associated with a corresponding location along the representation of the chemical processing vessel indicating the location from which the data point was obtained; displaying the representation of the chemical processing vessel alongside the associated density profile data on a user interface, wherein the user interface is configured to enable a user to select a portion of the representation of the chemical processing vessel on the user interface and to automatically display a corresponding portion of the density profile data in expanded form, whereby said portion of the density profile data can be analysed by the user in greater detail.

A method of scanning a chemical processing vessel and diagnosing a problem within the chemical processing vessel and/or a problem with a process occurring within the chemical processing vessel, the method comprising: scanning the chemical processing vessel with at least one radiation source and at least one detector to generate density profile data for the chemical processing vessel; saving the density profile data; generating a representation of the chemical processing vessel; associating the density profile data with the representation of the chemical processing vessel whereby each data point of the density profile data is associated with a corresponding location along the representation of the chemical processing vessel indicating the location from which the data point was obtained; displaying the representation of the chemical processing vessel alongside the associated density profile data on a user interface, wherein the user interface is configured to enable a user to select a portion of the representation of the chemical processing vessel on the user interface and to automatically display a corresponding portion of the density profile data in expanded form, whereby said portion of the density profile data can be analysed by the user in greater detail.

An analog information barrier (aIB) includes a detector configured to provide an output signal in response to an input received at the detector. The aIB further includes a window setting electronics portion configured receive a first portion of the output signal to be blocked by the analog information barrier, to receive a second portion of the output signal to be allowed by the analog information barrier based on one or more region of interest windows, and to output a windowed output signal that corresponds to the second portion of the output signal based on the one or more region of interest windows. The aIB also includes a output device configured to receive the windowed output signal and provide an output based on the second portion of the output signal. Methods for operating an aIB and window setting electronics for an aIB are also disclosed.

An analog information barrier (aIB) includes a detector configured to provide an output signal in response to an input received at the detector. The aIB further includes a window setting electronics portion configured receive a first portion of the output signal to be blocked by the analog information barrier, to receive a second portion of the output signal to be allowed by the analog information barrier based on one or more region of interest windows, and to output a windowed output signal that corresponds to the second portion of the output signal based on the one or more region of interest windows. The aIB also includes a output device configured to receive the windowed output signal and provide an output based on the second portion of the output signal. Methods for operating an aIB and window setting electronics for an aIB are also disclosed.

The mineralogical, chemical, magnetic, and physical properties of a rock can be used to determine the amount of hydrogen that was generated during rock alteration and the remaining amount of hydrogen generation potential. The methodologies evaluate the hydrogen generation potential of geological samples and identify natural hydrogen source rocks. The mineralogy, elemental composition, iron content and oxidation state, and other properties of a geological sample may be determined. From the determined mineralogy and other properties of the geological sample, the amount of hydrogen which the geological sample may have generated may be quantified. This method can determine the maturity of hydrogen source rocks, the potential volume of hydrogen that can be generated in other parts of a given geologic province with higher degrees of hydrogen source rock maturity, and quantify the potential remaining volume of hydrogen that can be still be generated via secondary enhanced hydrogen stimulation processes.

The mineralogical, chemical, magnetic, and physical properties of a rock can be used to determine the amount of hydrogen that was generated during rock alteration and the remaining amount of hydrogen generation potential. The methodologies evaluate the hydrogen generation potential of geological samples and identify natural hydrogen source rocks. The mineralogy, elemental composition, iron content and oxidation state, and other properties of a geological sample may be determined. From the determined mineralogy and other properties of the geological sample, the amount of hydrogen which the geological sample may have generated may be quantified. This method can determine the maturity of hydrogen source rocks, the potential volume of hydrogen that can be generated in other parts of a given geologic province with higher degrees of hydrogen source rock maturity, and quantify the potential remaining volume of hydrogen that can be still be generated via secondary enhanced hydrogen stimulation processes.