The method for analyzing an ozone concentration comprising the steps of: providing at least one catalytic chamber having an ozone decomposition path between an inlet portion and an outlet portion thereof; receiving a sample flow of gas containing ozone by the inlet portion of the at least one catalytic chamber and along the ozone decomposition path; decomposing a totality of the ozone of the sample flow of gas into oxygen in an exothermic reaction along the ozone decomposition path of the catalytic chamber; measuring a first temperature value at a first position and measuring a second temperature value at a second position, the first and second positions being associated with the inlet and outlet portions; evaluating the ozone concentration of the sample flow of gas based on the temperature difference between the second temperature value and the first temperature value and calibration data; and generating a signal indicating the evaluated ozone concentration.

Systems and methods for monitoring emissions of a combusted gas are provided. The method includes determining a first net heating value of a flare gas. The method also includes determining a second net heating value of a combustion gas including the flare gas. The second net heating value can be determined based upon the first net heating value and a volumetric flow rate of the flare gas. Based upon the value of the second net heating value, an empirical model or a non-parametric machine learning model can be selected. A combustion efficiency of the combustion gas can be determined using the selected model, the second net heating value, and selected ones of the process conditions and the environmental conditions. Total emissions of the combustion mixture can be further determined from the combustion efficiency and a volumetric flow rate of the combustion gas.

Systems and methods for monitoring emissions of a combusted gas are provided. The method includes determining a first net heating value of a flare gas. The method also includes determining a second net heating value of a combustion gas including the flare gas. The second net heating value can be determined based upon the first net heating value and a volumetric flow rate of the flare gas. Based upon the value of the second net heating value, an empirical model or a non-parametric machine learning model can be selected. A combustion efficiency of the combustion gas can be determined using the selected model, the second net heating value, and selected ones of the process conditions and the environmental conditions. Total emissions of the combustion mixture can be further determined from the combustion efficiency and a volumetric flow rate of the combustion gas.

A multi-component fluid composition and concentration sensor system and method. The system can be configured with multiple sensing elements whereby each specifically responds to different combinations and concentrations of multiple fluid component mixtures. Because these responses can be captured and committed to a lookup table during an initial calibration sequence, subsequent measurements of unknown mixtures of the same gases will match known states found in the lookup table and the fluid concentrations can be deduced. The number of sensing elements with unique responses to the fluid mixtures should equal the number of unknown fluids that are active on the sensing surfaces, similar to how solving for multiple variables requires no fewer equations than there are unknowns, i.e. 3 equations and 3 variables. A reference surface can also be present in the fluid composition and concentration sensor so that the effects measured by the sensing surfaces can be determined against a relevant control that is not sensitive to the active fluids being measured.

A method and system for determining changes in the catalytic activity of reforming catalyst where an outlet temperature of the catalytic reactor is measured and a temperature approach to equilibrium calculated based on the measured outlet temperature. The temperature approach to equilibrium is compared to an empirical model-based temperature approach to equilibrium calculated for the same operating conditions, the comparison showing changes in the catalytic activity of the reforming catalyst.

A method and system for determining changes in the catalytic activity of reforming catalyst where an outlet temperature of the catalytic reactor is measured and a temperature approach to equilibrium calculated based on the measured outlet temperature. The temperature approach to equilibrium is compared to an empirical model-based temperature approach to equilibrium calculated for the same operating conditions, the comparison showing changes in the catalytic activity of the reforming catalyst.

A method and system for determining changes in the catalytic activity of reforming catalyst where an outlet temperature of the catalytic reactor is measured and a temperature approach to equilibrium calculated based on the measured outlet temperature. The temperature approach to equilibrium is compared to an empirical model-based temperature approach to equilibrium calculated for the same operating conditions, the comparison showing changes in the catalytic activity of the reforming catalyst.

A method and system for determining changes in the catalytic activity of reforming catalyst where an outlet temperature of the catalytic reactor is measured and a temperature approach to equilibrium calculated based on the measured outlet temperature. The temperature approach to equilibrium is compared to an empirical model-based temperature approach to equilibrium calculated for the same operating conditions, the comparison showing changes in the catalytic activity of the reforming catalyst.

A method and system for determining changes in the catalytic activity of reforming catalyst where an outlet temperature of the catalytic reactor is measured and a temperature approach to equilibrium calculated based on the measured outlet temperature. The temperature approach to equilibrium is compared to an empirical model-based temperature approach to equilibrium calculated for the same operating conditions, the comparison showing changes in the catalytic activity of the reforming catalyst.

A method and system for determining changes in the catalytic activity of reforming catalyst where an outlet temperature of the catalytic reactor is measured and a temperature approach to equilibrium calculated based on the measured outlet temperature. The temperature approach to equilibrium is compared to an empirical model-based temperature approach to equilibrium calculated for the same operating conditions, the comparison showing changes in the catalytic activity of the reforming catalyst.