A substrate is provided. The substrate includes a front region having a front surface, a back region having a back surface, an edge exclusion region, and a chamfered surface. The back surface is laterally opposite the front surface. The edge exclusion region is surrounding the front region. The chamfered surface is at least partially arranged in the edge exclusion region.

The present invention relates to a method for measuring metal ion permeability of a polymer film, comprising the steps of applying a voltage to the polymer film, while at least one side of the polymer film is brought into contact with an electrolyte comprising metal ions, an organic solvent and an aqueous solvent; and measuring the change rate of resistance or change rate of current of the polymer film according to time, after the voltage is applied, and a device for measuring metal ion permeability of a polymer film used therefor.

A method for determining the electrical properties of a core sample having an initial saturation S.sub.w0, an initial true resistivity R.sub.t0, and a porosity ϕ, including the steps: preparing a brine having a resistivity R.sub.w, flushing the core sample with the brine, determining a first true resistivity R.sub.t1 at a first saturation S.sub.w1, once the resistivity R.sub.w of the brine going into the core sample is the same as the resistivity R.sub.w of the brine going out of the core sample, determining a function R.sub.t=f(S.sub.w) describing the dependency of the true resistivity R.sub.t of the core sample and the saturation S.sub.w in the core sample, based on the initial saturation S.sub.w0, initial true resistivity R.sub.t0, first true resistivity R.sub.t1, and first saturation S.sub.w1, second true resistivity R.sub.t2, and first saturation S.sub.w2, determining the resistivity R.sub.o of the fully saturated core sample by estimating the function R.sub.t=f(S.sub.w) to full saturation of the core sample at S.sub.w=100%, determining a resistivity index

[00001]$I_R=\frac{R_t}{R_o}$

at the S.sub.w, S.sub.w1, S.sub.w2 determining a saturation exponent n using linear regression of the log-log plot of I.sub.R vs. S.sub.w.

The present invention relates to a method for measuring metal ion permeability of a polymer film, comprising the steps of: applying a voltage to the polymer film at a temperature of 5° C. to 250° C., while one side of the polymer film is brought into contact with an electrolyte comprising metal ions, an organic solvent and an aqueous solvent; and measuring the change rate of resistance or change rate of current of the polymer film according to time, after the voltage is applied, and a device for measuring metal ion permeability of a polymer film used therefor.

The method allows to monitor a composite material comprising an epoxy resin tilled with electrically conductive nanoparticles, wherein at least one electrical property i.e. impedance of the composite material is influenced by being subjected to a mechanical deformation. The method provides for inserting the composite material in an electric circuit emitting an electric signal whose value depends on the electrical property, so that, when the value of the signal overcomes a given threshold value, a warning message is delivered.

A method of wear detection of a coated belt or rope includes connecting a wear detection unit to one or more monitoring strands and/or cords of a coated belt or rope. The coated belt or rope includes one or more baseline strands and/or cords exhibiting a first change in electrical resistance as a function of bending cycles of the belt or rope and one or more monitoring strands and/or cords exhibiting a second change in electrical resistance as a function of bending cycles of the belt or rope, greater than the first change in electrical resistance. An electrical resistance of the one or more monitoring strands and/or cords is measured via the wear detection unit. Using at least the measured electrical resistance of the one or more monitoring strands and/or cords, a wear condition of the belt or rope is determined.

A carbon nanofiber aggregate (CNFA) system and method provides self-sensing capabilities that can be used to detect strain, moisture, and temperature changes. The CNFA may include cement, aggregate, silica fume, high-range water reducer (HRWR), and/or carbon nanofibers. The metal meshes in the CNFA may be utilized to monitor the electric properties of the CNFA to detect strain, moisture, and temperature changes. The CNFA may be embedded in concrete structures to allow detection of strain, moisture, and temperature changes that may cause damage to structures. Several metal meshes may be embedded in the CNFA.

The RF Probe is a radiofrequency device designed to determine the composition of multilayer media by transmitting pulses which are reflected at medium boundaries and received by the device. The device consists of a signal transmitter which synthesizes the probing pulses and a receiver which receives the pulses and performs processing to determine the radiometric composition of the media or objects by analyzing the phase shift of reflected pulses. The RF Probe uses a method to identify medium composition in terms of conductivity, permittivity, permeability and impedance by calculating the phase shift of reflected pulses.

A method for in-situ measuring electrical properties of carbon nanotubes includes placing a first electrode in a chamber, wherein the first electrode defines a cavity. A growth substrate is suspend inside of the cavity, and a catalyst layer is located on the growth substrate. A measuring meter having a first terminal and a second terminal opposite to the first terminal is provided. The first terminal is electrically connected to the first electrode, and the second terminal is electrically connected to the growth substrate. A carbon source gas, a protective gas, and hydrogen are supplied to the cavity, to grow the carbon nanotubes on the catalyst layer. The electrical properties of the carbon nanotubes are obtained by the measuring meter.

Production of perforated two-dimensional materials with holes of a desired size range, a narrow size distribution, and a high and uniform density remains a challenge, at least partially, due to physical and chemical inconsistencies from sheet-to-sheet of the two-dimensional material and surface contamination. This disclosure describes methods for monitoring and adjusting perforation or healing conditions in real-time to address inter- and intra-sheet variability. In situ or substantially simultaneous feedback on defect production or healing may be provided either locally or globally on a graphene or other two-dimensional sheet. The feedback data can be used to adjust perforation or healing parameters, such as the total dose or efficacy of the perforating radiation, to achieve the desired defect state.