According to a further embodiment, a fluid sensor includes a fluid sensor element with a substrate including a recess for receiving a fluid to be examined, wherein the substrate surrounding the recess is formed, at least in parts, as a substrate electrode, an isolation layer arrangement between a floating gate electrode of a transistor and the substrate electrode and a sensor layer in the recess and adjacent to the floating gate electrode, an additional electrode at an opening area of the recess, wherein the additional electrode is arranged electrically isolated from the sensor layer, the substrate electrode and the floating gate electrode and is connected or connectable to a control potential and a processor configured to provide the control potential at the additional electrode such that an electric field between the additional electrode and the sensor layer is at least reduced or compensated during operation of the fluid sensor.

There is provided an impedance sensor capable of counting the number of microscopic biological materials and specifying their properties stably with high sensitivity. An impedance sensor includes a measuring electrode pair formed at a wiring layer in a multilayer-wiring circuit board and one or more dielectrophoresis electrodes formed at another wiring layer lower than the wiring layer.

Methods for determining an electrical conductivity of an operating liquid in an operating liquid container for a motor vehicle. The operating liquid container includes at least one capacitor which is fastened to a container wall of the operating liquid container and has a first electrode and a second electrode opposite said first electrode. A first method determines the electrical conductivity of the operating liquid by means of a frequency-dependent phase progression of the impedance of the at least one capacitor. Another method determines the electrical conductivity of the operating liquid by means of a frequency-dependent capacitance profile of the at least one capacitor. An operating liquid container which is designed for carrying out the methods.

Described herein are dielectric fluid testers for determining dielectric breakdown of fluid samples, systems comprising such testers, and methods using thereof. A dielectric fluid tester comprises a container and two electrodes. The test heads of these electrodes protrude inside the container and face each other, forming a gap. In some examples, one or both electrodes are movable for adjusting the gap and/or the volume inside the container available for a fluid sample. For example, the container includes two internal seals, one of which has a fixed position and is slidably coupled to a respective electrode. The other seal is slidably coupled to the container and moves together with the corresponding electrode. The container comprises an access port, providing a fluid communication between the fluid sample and an external pressure-controlling source. In some examples, the access port is used to deliver and remove the fluid sample from the container.

A fluid property sensing array includes a first sensor including a first electrode assembly and a first sensing layer at least partially coating the first electrode assembly, the first sensor having a first response to a property of the fluid; and a second sensor including a second electrode assembly and a second sensing layer at least partially coating the second electrode assembly, the second sensor having a second response to the property of the fluid. The array can include a third sensor including a third electrode assembly and a third sensing layer at least partially coating the third electrode assembly, the third sensor having a third response to the property of the fluid. The first sensing layer, the second sensing layer, and the third sensing layer can be compositionally different, such that the first response, the second response, and the third response to the property of the fluid are different.

The present application relates to a sensing method that is carried out using an electrode that comprises an electrode substrate functionalised with sensing elements. The method involves conducting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at a plurality of applied voltages and then integrating measurement data as a function of voltage. Also provided is an apparatus for carrying out the sensing method. The method and apparatus are suitable for a broad range of sensing applications, including the detection of diagnostic biomarkers, drug screening, development of glycoarray systems and the sensing of environmental parameters such as light intensity, temperature and humidity.

For the monitoring of an oil situated in a tank 19, it is provided that an oil measurement device 1 be equipped with a rigid or flexible probe 2 such that, by the use of a pump 5 integrated in the oil measurement device 1, oil can be delivered out of the tank 19 via an inlet opening 3 at the proximal end of the probe 2 into a measurement chamber 4, which is connected to the probe, of the oil measurement device 1. Here, the oil measurement device 1 has a measurement sensor for determining the quality of oil situated in the measurement chamber 4, and the pump 5, in conjunction with the probe 2, is configured such that oil can be returned from the measurement chamber 4 to the inlet opening 3 and thus to the tank 19.

An abnormality determination device is applied to an electrostatic capacitance type fuel property sensor that has a sensing section that senses an electrostatic capacitance of a fuel to be detected. The abnormality determination device of the fuel property sensor acquires a first output that is an output when a predetermined voltage is applied to the sensing section and a second output that is an output when a voltage is not applied to the sensing section. The acquired first output and second output are compared and whether or not the fuel property sensor is abnormal is determined.

A sensing apparatus includes a probe and a sensing module. The sensing module includes a material sensing circuit, an operation unit and a signal output circuit. The sensing module generates a frequency sweep signal and sends the frequency sweep signal to the probe to sense a status of a material. The frequency sweep signal is a plurality of signals having different frequencies from each other in a predetermined frequency range. When the frequency sweep signal touches the material, an equivalent capacitance of the material is utilized to generate a reflected signal. The material sensing circuit receives the reflected signal and sends the reflected signal to the operation unit. The operation unit operates the reflected signal to generate a waveform signal to determine the status of the material. The operation unit utilizes an impedance spectrum to determine the status of the material.

The present disclosure relates to a method for determining a water cut value of a composition comprising a hydrocarbon. In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to an apparatus for determining the water cut value of the composition that comprises one or more of a capacitance probe, a temperature probe, a salinity probe, and a computer.