The present disclosure describes a personal vaporizer which can detect whether or not a cartridge of the personal vaporizer has been breached. The cartridge includes a conductive shell. The conductive shell can include two or more conductors which are electrically isolated from each-other. Prior to operation, the personal vaporizer can use the two or more conductors to assess whether or not an outer shell of the cartridge has been breached. In some implementations, if it is determined that the cartridge has been breached, the personal vaporizer can shut down, or otherwise fail to operate normally.

This disclosure describes a stud sensor configured to locate a stud. The stud sensor includes a housing and a sensor carried by the housing. The sensor includes two or more electrodes. The two or more electrodes are configured to form a substantially circular configuration. The stud sensor further comprises one or more processors carried by the housing. The one or more processors are communicatively coupled with the sensor. The one or more processors are configured by machine-readable instructions to calculate a stud location by measuring a change in capacitance from a fixed capacitance of a wall structure as the stud sensor is moved along a surface of the wall structure; and generate one or more signals to report a result relating to a location of a stud.

This disclosure describes a stud sensor configured to locate a stud. The stud sensor includes a housing and a sensor carried by the housing. The sensor includes two or more electrodes. The two or more electrodes are configured to form a substantially circular configuration. The stud sensor further comprises one or more processors carried by the housing. The one or more processors are communicatively coupled with the sensor. The one or more processors are configured by machine-readable instructions to calculate a stud location by measuring a change in capacitance from a fixed capacitance of a wall structure as the stud sensor is moved along a surface of the wall structure; and generate one or more signals to report a result relating to a location of a stud.

A system of inspecting a focus ring is provided. The system includes a measuring device, a transfer device and an operation unit. The measuring device includes a base substrate, a sensor chip and a circuit board. The sensor chip has a sensor electrode and is provided along an edge of the base substrate. The circuit board is configured to output a high frequency signal to the sensor electrode and acquire a digital value indicating electrostatic capacitance based on a voltage amplitude in the sensor electrode. The transfer device is configured to scan the measuring device. The operation unit is configured to obtain difference values by performing a difference operation with respect to the digital values acquired by the measuring device at multiple positions along a direction which intersects with an inner periphery of the focus ring.

A system of inspecting a focus ring is provided. The system includes a measuring device, a transfer device and an operation unit. The measuring device includes a base substrate, a sensor chip and a circuit board. The sensor chip has a sensor electrode and is provided along an edge of the base substrate. The circuit board is configured to output a high frequency signal to the sensor electrode and acquire a digital value indicating electrostatic capacitance based on a voltage amplitude in the sensor electrode. The transfer device is configured to scan the measuring device. The operation unit is configured to obtain difference values by performing a difference operation with respect to the digital values acquired by the measuring device at multiple positions along a direction which intersects with an inner periphery of the focus ring.

A method for determining a quantity of interest in a target comprises: providing simulated statistics of a deviation, caused by a boundary distortion in observations of the physical quantity; providing an approximate mathematical model of observations of the physical quantity, the approximate mathematical model defining the physical quantity to be dependent on the quantity of interest in the target domain, and on a deviation a boundary distortion causes in the observations, said deviation being determined to behave in accordance with the simulated statistics; receiving measured values of the physical quantity; determining an observation difference between the measured values of the physical quantity and corresponding observations according to the approximate mathematical model, and adjusting the approximate mathematical model to reduce the observation difference; and determining an estimate of the quantity of interest in the target domain on the basis of the adjusted approximate mathematical model.

Systems and methods are provided for simultaneously determining impedances of a plurality of electrophysiological electrodes. Signals are injected into a first electrophysiological electrode and a second electrophysiological electrode, the injected signals differing in at least one of magnitude and phase. A magnitude and phase of an output of a differential amplifier are evaluated, where the differential amplifier is responsive to outputs of the first electrophysiological electrode and the second electrophysiological electrode. An impedance of the first electrophysiological electrode and an impedance of the second electrophysiological electrode are determined based on the magnitude and the phase of the differential amplifier output.

Systems and methods are provided for simultaneously determining impedances of a plurality of electrophysiological electrodes. Signals are injected into a first electrophysiological electrode and a second electrophysiological electrode, the injected signals differing in at least one of magnitude and phase. A magnitude and phase of an output of a differential amplifier are evaluated, where the differential amplifier is responsive to outputs of the first electrophysiological electrode and the second electrophysiological electrode. An impedance of the first electrophysiological electrode and an impedance of the second electrophysiological electrode are determined based on the magnitude and the phase of the differential amplifier output.

The present disclosure describes a personal vaporizer which can detect whether or not a cartridge of the personal vaporizer has been breached. The cartridge includes a conductive shell. The conductive shell can include two or more conductors which are electrically isolated from each-other. Prior to operation, the personal vaporizer can use the two or more conductors to assess whether or not an outer shell of the cartridge has been breached. In some implementations, if it is determined that the cartridge has been breached, the personal vaporizer can shut down, or otherwise fail to operate normally.

The present disclosure describes a personal vaporizer which can detect whether or not a cartridge of the personal vaporizer has been breached. The cartridge includes a conductive shell. The conductive shell can include two or more conductors which are electrically isolated from each-other. Prior to operation, the personal vaporizer can use the two or more conductors to assess whether or not an outer shell of the cartridge has been breached. In some implementations, if it is determined that the cartridge has been breached, the personal vaporizer can shut down, or otherwise fail to operate normally.