An ion generation apparatus according to the present invention includes an electron emission device, an opposite electrode, and a controller, the electron emission device includes a lower electrode, a surface electrode, and an intermediate layer provided between the lower electrode and the surface electrode, the opposite electrode is provided to be opposite to the surface electrode, and the controller is provided to apply a voltage to the surface electrode, the lower electrode, or the opposite electrode such that a potential of the surface electrode becomes higher than a potential of the lower electrode and a potential of the opposite electrode in a positive ion mode.

Methods, apparatuses and systems for providing dehumidification providing dehumidification for gas detecting components are disclosed herein. An example apparatus may comprise: a humidity sensing component configured to generate a humidity level indication associated with gaseous substance in a gas flow channel, a dehumidifier component disposed along the gas flow channel, a gas detecting component disposed downstream with respect to the dehumidifier component along the gas flow channel, and a controller component in electronic communication with the humidity sensing component and the dehumidifier component.

Methods, apparatuses and systems for providing dehumidification providing dehumidification for gas detecting components are disclosed herein. An example apparatus may comprise: a humidity sensing component configured to generate a humidity level indication associated with gaseous substance in a gas flow channel, a dehumidifier component disposed along the gas flow channel, a gas detecting component disposed downstream with respect to the dehumidifier component along the gas flow channel, and a controller component in electronic communication with the humidity sensing component and the dehumidifier component.

Embodiments relate generally to systems and methods for a low profile PID typically including a flexible substrate; two or more electrodes containing an array of holes; a spacer with one or more holes; and two or more contacts corresponding to the electrodes. Typically, the unfolded flexible substrate defines a plane, and the electrodes are disposed on the flexible substrate such that when the flexible substrate is folded, one electrode is located on a top plane and another electrode is located on a bottom plane and the spacer is disposed between the electrodes to form an ionization chamber for use with a UV radiation source.

An atom probe directs two or more pulsed laser beams onto a specimen, with each laser beam being on a different side of the specimen, and with each laser beam supplying pulses at a time different from the other laser beams. The laser beams are preferably generated by splitting a single beam provided by a laser source. The laser beams are preferably successively aligned incident with the specimen by one or more beam steering mirrors, which may also scan each laser beam over the specimen to achieve a desired degree of specimen ionization.

An atom probe directs two or more pulsed laser beams onto a specimen, with each laser beam being on a different side of the specimen, and with each laser beam supplying pulses at a time different from the other laser beams. The laser beams are preferably generated by splitting a single beam provided by a laser source. The laser beams are preferably successively aligned incident with the specimen by one or more beam steering mirrors, which may also scan each laser beam over the specimen to achieve a desired degree of specimen ionization.

A photo-ionization detector (100) and a process detect an ionizable substance in a gas (G). At least two measuring cells (20.1, 20.2, 20.3) are mounted on a measuring cell carrier (10). A radiation source (4) emits ionizing electromagnetic radiation towards the measuring cell carrier (10). The gas (G) reaches at least one measuring cell (20.1, 20.2, 20.3). Ionization of the gas causes a measurable electrical property of the measuring cell (20.1, 20.2, 20.3) to be changed. Depending on the electrical property, the measuring cell (20.1, 20.2, 20.3) generates a signal. This signal correlates with the presence and optionally the concentration of ionizable substance in the gas (G). Preferably, the measuring cell carrier (10) can be rotated relative to the radiation source (4).

A photo-ionization detector (100) and a process detect an ionizable substance in a gas (G). At least two measuring cells (20.1, 20.2, 20.3) are mounted on a measuring cell carrier (10). A radiation source (4) emits ionizing electromagnetic radiation towards the measuring cell carrier (10). The gas (G) reaches at least one measuring cell (20.1, 20.2, 20.3). Ionization of the gas causes a measurable electrical property of the measuring cell (20.1, 20.2, 20.3) to be changed. Depending on the electrical property, the measuring cell (20.1, 20.2, 20.3) generates a signal. This signal correlates with the presence and optionally the concentration of ionizable substance in the gas (G). Preferably, the measuring cell carrier (10) can be rotated relative to the radiation source (4).

A thermostatic module of a compact gas sensing device and a compact gas sensing device are disclosed. The thermostatic module includes a housing unit, a thermal insulation unit, a heat conducting unit, a temperature sensor, a heater and a control circuitry board. The thermal insulation unit is placed inside a first accommodation space provided by the housing unit, and forms therein a second accommodation space in which the heat conducting unit is placed. The interior of the heat conducting unit forms a third accommodation space where gas sensor modules can be housed, and also a gas passage channel. The heater generates and transfers heat to the heat conducting unit, whose interior temperature is constantly probed by the temperature sensor and input to the control circuitry board which dynamically adjusts the heating power by the heater to make sure the measured temperature is always stabilized around a preset target value.

The disclosure provides a gas detector with an ionizing device for producing ions depending on a gas to be detected. The gas detector includes a catcher for receiving the electrical current produced by the ions, and a measuring device with an electrical measuring resistor. The electrical measuring resistor produces an electrical measuring potential from the current and is surrounded, at least in part, by an electrical shield resistor, denoted by R.sub.T. The same potentials, up to a deviation of at most 25%, are applied in the longitudinal direction of the electrical measuring resistor to mutually opposed regions of the electrical measuring resistor and the electrical shield resistor.