This invention is a multiple reflection type cell that makes it possible to reduce a dead space resulting from a position adjusting mechanism and to adjust the light to a desired optical path length without complicating a structure. The multiple reflection type cell comprises a cell body where a cell chamber is formed, two or more reflecting members that are mounted on the cell body and whose reflecting surfaces locate in the cell chamber, and a position adjusting mechanism that adjusts a position of the reflecting member relative to the cell body. The cell body has a mounting part that communicates the cell chamber and the outside and on which the reflecting members are mounted. A seal member that seals a gap between the cell chamber and the outside of the cell body is arranged between the reflecting member mounted on the mounting part and the cell body so that the gap between the cell chamber and the outsider of the cell body is sealed by the seal member.

This relates to the field of real-time detection of chemical contamination of water in harsh environmental conditions by using laser remote sensing apparatus for detection of oil or oil products. In-time detection and localization of oil pollution in seawater are the measures to minimize potential damages to the marine and coastal environment. A technical solution for remote detection and classification of chemical pollution in water, to optimize operational parameters, weight, size and power consumption of such device, to make possible continuous unattended operation of such device on board of a moving or stationary platform and to provide data processing and reporting the results through communication channels is described.

The dissolved gas sensor system includes a dissolved gas sensor partially located within a housing and partially extending through the housing lid. The sensor is created by affixing a selectively permeable membrane to a dissolved gas transducer with a waterproof polymer. This forms a membrane cavity between the membrane, polymer, and transducer. The membrane cavity allows the transducer to detect whatever gas or gases can pass through the selectively permeable membrane. These readings pass to a controller located within the housing body that can receive and process data, and store the data in a removable data storage for later retrieval by a user. The controller can also regulate overall power consumption of the system to increase the operating life of the system.

An inspection apparatus is provided that comprises an optical target including a solid host material and a fluorescing material embedded in the solid host material. The solid host material has a predetermined phonon energy HOST.sub.PE. The fluorescing material exhibits a select ground energy level and a target excitation (TE) energy level separated from the ground energy level by a first energy gap corresponding to a fluorescence emission wavelength of interest. The fluorescing material has a next lower lying (NLL) energy level relative to the TE energy level. The NLL energy level is spaced a second energy gap FM.sub.EG2 below the TE energy level, wherein a ratio of the FM.sub.EG2/HOST.sub.PE is three or more.

A photoelectric smoke sensor includes a housing having a circuit accommodation chamber, an inflow chamber provided in the housing, a light emitting portion provided in the inflow chamber, and a light receiving portion provided in the inflow chamber. The light emitting portion includes a first light and a first support portion surrounding the first light guide. The light receiving portion includes a second light guide and guiding the light to the light receiving element and a second support portion surrounding the second light guide. The first support portion and the second support portion are configured to prevent escape of a flame from the circuit accommodation chamber to the inflow chamber.

An apparatus may have a first reflector and a second reflector positioned on either side of a sample volume for a gas sample. The configuration of the first reflector may be variable between at least first and second configurations, wherein each of the first and second configurations is arranged such that a beam of optical radiation from an optical beam origin is directed to a detector location via the sample volume. In the second configuration the beam of optical radiation is reflected at least once from each of the first and second reflectors and the path length of the beam of optical radiation through the sample volume is greater than in the first configuration.

An ellipsometer system with polarization state generator and polarization state analyzer components inside at least one internal environment supporting encasement, said at least one encasement being present inside said environmental chamber.

An in-situ gas-measuring system (1) includes an IR photon source (10) and an IR photon detector (11). The in-situ gas-measuring system (1) has an expansion chamber (12), at which an optical element (16, 16, 16) is arranged. A connection element (13) provides a detachable fluid-communicating connection of the expansion chamber (12) to a gas reaction chamber (2). The IR-photon source (10), the optical element (16, 16, 16) and the IR photon detector (11) define an optical measuring path, which extends through the expansion chamber (12). The installation and maintenance of the in-situ gas-measuring system (1) are reduced by the features of the in-situ gas-measuring system (1).

A well-logging tool may include a sonde housing, and a radiation generator carried by the sonde housing. The radiation generator may include a generator housing, a target carried by the generator housing, a charged particle source carried by the generator housing to direct charged particles at the target, and at least one voltage source coupled to the charged particle source. The at least one voltage source may include a voltage ladder comprising a plurality of voltage multiplication stages coupled in a bi-polar configuration, and at least one loading coil coupled at at least one intermediate position along the voltage ladder. The well-logging tool may further include at least one radiation detector carried by the sonde housing.