A measuring apparatus includes a light source configured to emit light in a mid-infrared region, the light including: first-wavelength light having a wave number of from 970 cm.sup.-1 or more to 1010 cm.sup.-1 or less; and second-wavelength light different from the first-wavelength light, the second-wavelength light having a wave number of from 950 cm.sup.-1 or more to 990 cm.sup.-1 or less; a photosensor configured to detect the light emitted from the light source and reflected by a measurement target; and an information processing device configured to: obtain a first absorbance of the first-wavelength light and a second absorbance of the second-wavelength light from an output of the photosensor; and determine a biomarker of the measurement target based on the first absorbance and the second absorbance.

A dispersion measurement apparatus includes a pulse forming unit, an imaging unit, and an operation unit. The pulse forming unit forms a light pulse train including a plurality of light pulses having time differences and center wavelengths different from each other from a light pulse output from a pulsed laser light source. The imaging unit includes an image sensor capable of performing imaging at an imaging interval shorter than a minimum peak interval of the light pulse train, and images a light pulse train passed through a measurement object to generate imaging data. The operation unit receives the imaging data, detects a temporal waveform of the light pulse train for each pixel of the image sensor, and estimates a wavelength dispersion amount of the measurement object for each pixel of the image sensor based on a feature value of the temporal waveform.

Apparatus and methods for acquiring a Raman spectral map of a sample including a material species. The apparatus includes: a pulsed illumination source providing pulsed illumination radiation for exciting the sample and producing scattered radiation; a microscope objective focusing the pulsed illumination radiation onto a region of the sample corresponding to a data point of the map, and collecting emitted radiation from the region; a translation stage translating the sample relative to the microscope objective in at least two directions; a spectral filter spectrally filtering the emitted radiation collected by the objective to obtain a filtered portion of radiation corresponding to a characteristic Raman spectral feature of the material species; a detector receiving the filtered portion and providing output electrical pulses indicative thereof; and readout electronics applying a time gate to the output electrical pulses to distinguish detection events corresponding to the Raman scattered radiation from events associated with photoluminescence.

A defect inspection system may include an information-obtaining module and a defect inspection module. The information obtaining module may be arranged over a transferring apparatus to continuously photograph a surface of a substrate transferred by the transferring apparatus. The defect inspection module may generate an image signal based on information of the substrate provided from the information-obtaining module. The defect inspection module may compare the image signal with a reference to detect a defect of the substrate.

One or more embodiments relates to a method of growing ultrasmooth and high quantum efficiency CsTe photocathodes. The method includes exposing a substrate of Cs using an alkali source such as an effusion cell; and controlling co-evaporating growth and co-deposition forming a CsTe growth. The method further includes monitoring a stoichiometry of the CsTe growth.

Provided are a portable electronic device, an accessory, and an operation method thereof. The portable electronic device includes a light source irradiating light to skin, at least one light detector detecting light received from the skin, at least one memory storing an instruction, and a processor, by executing the instruction, controlling the light source to irradiate the light and analyzing a skin state based on light detected by the light detector.

Disclosed is a glow discharge spectrometry device including a glow discharge lamp and an optical emission spectrometer adapted to receive a light beam emitted by a glow discharge plasma. The optical emission spectrometer includes a dispersive optical component and an echelle grating arranged and configured in such a way as to form a two-dimensional spectrum of the light beam, the two-dimensional spectrum being dispersed in a plurality of diffraction orders, the plurality of diffraction orders extending along a first direction and each diffraction order extending spectrally according to a second direction transverse to the first direction and a pixel-array CMOS sensor arranged and configured to acquire the two-dimensional spectrum as a function of time.

A biochip device includes a stratified structure, a light coupler, and an optofluidic portion. The stratified structure includes a top layer having a refractive index n.sub.1, a bottom layer having a refractive index n.sub.3, and an intermediate layer between the top and bottom layers having a refractive index n.sub.2. The light coupler optically couples a light source and the top layer to generate waves that are guided in a plurality of directions inside the top layer. The optofluidic portion is supported on a surface of the top layer and includes a hybridizing chamber containing a hybridizing solution and pads supported on the surface of the top layer and situated within the hybridizing chamber. Probe molecules are deposited on the pads. The refractive index n.sub.2 of the intermediate layer is greater than or equal to a highest index of refraction of the hybridizing chamber and the hybridizing solution.

A multi-mode illumination system, including: a first illumination module; a second illumination module; and a third illumination module, as disclosed herein.

An optical chemical analysis apparatus (14) includes an optical waveguide (15) and a light source (17). The optical waveguide (15) has a core layer (12) that includes a light propagator (10), through which light can propagate in an extension direction, and a diffraction grating (first diffraction grating (11)) that connects optically to the light propagator (10). The light source (17) is configured to inject the light into the diffraction grating by emitting incoherent light. The diffraction grating further includes a light intake region for introduction of light from the light source, and the light source includes at least one light emitting point at a position such that the difference between the shortest optical distance Lab to the light intake region and the longest optical distance Lac to the light intake region is less than half of the wavelength, in a vacuum, of the light.