Systems and methods of determining physical conditions of a battery, such as state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), quality of construction, defect, or failure state include driving two or more acoustic signals of two or more amplitudes, each acoustic signal having two or more frequencies, into the battery and detecting vibrations generated in the battery based on the two or more acoustic signals. Nonlinear response characteristics of the battery for the two or more acoustic signals are determined from the detected vibrations. The physical conditions of the battery are determined based at least in part on the nonlinear response characteristics, using nonlinear acoustic resonance spectroscopy (NARS) or nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS).

The invention concerns a Thickness Shear Mode (TSM) biosensor (1) which comprises an ex vivo living skin explant (2), the skin explant (2) comprising at least one of the skin layers among: hypodermis, dermis (2A), epidermis (2B) and the stratum corneum (2C), a TSM transducer (3) which comprises: an AT cut quartz resonator 3C which has two opposite exterior surfaces (3A,3B), and two conducting electrodes (4A, 4B), each conducting electrode being deposited on one of the two exterior surfaces (3A,3B), the TSM transducer (3) allowing to determine micro rheological characteristics of the living skin explant (2) by piezoelectric transducing using shear waves, the TSM transducer (3) presenting: measuring means (30), monitoring and calculating means (31) which monitor an evolution in time of an electrical response of the living skin explant (2), and which calculate in time, from the electrical response, micro rheological characteristics of the living skin explant (2), a bottom surface of the skin explant (2) being in contact with the TSM transducer (3), a top surface of the skin explant (2) being in contact with air.

Systems and methods for monitoring plastic deformation of a structural material are provided. An acoustic wave actuator is configured to generate acoustic wave signals to be propagated within the structural material and is in-situ fabricated on the structural material at a first location. An alternating current (AC) electric signal source drives the acoustic wave actuator to generate the acoustic wave signals at a predetermined frequency. One or more acoustic wave sensors detect the acoustic wave signals generated by the acoustic wave actuator and propagated within the structural material. More particularly, the acoustic wave detectors are configured to detect both fundamental and second harmonic acoustic signals at the predetermined frequency. The acoustic wave sensors are in-situ fabricated on the structural material at one or more second locations.

A tissue sample that has been removed from a subject can be evaluated. A change in speed of the energy traveling through the sample is evaluated to monitor changes in the biological sample during processing. The monitoring can detect movement of fluid with the sample and cross-linking. A system for performing the method can include a transmitter that outputs the energy and a receiver configured to detect the transmitted energy.

A bi-state bifurcation-based control system and method for nonlinear resonators, which utilizes a control loop to servo on the edge of the bifurcation jump, either at the maximum on point prior to the Duffing bifurcation jump or along the rising edge of the parametric bifurcation.

This present disclosure relates to sensors capable of sensing mass, stiffness, and chemical or biological substances. More specifically, this disclosure provides the design and implementation of a piecewise-linear resonator realized via diode- and integrated circuit-based feedback electronics and a quartz crystal resonator. The proposed system is fabricated and characterized, and the creation and selective placement of the bifurcation points of the overall electromechanical system is demonstrated by tuning the circuit gains. The demonstrated circuit operates around at least 1 MHz.

A tissue sample that has been removed from a subject can be evaluated. A change in speed of the energy traveling through the sample is evaluated to monitor changes in the biological sample during processing. The monitoring can detect movement of fluid with the sample and cross-linking. A system for performing the method can include a transmitter that outputs the energy and a receiver configured to detect the transmitted energy.

Systems and methods for monitoring plastic deformation of a structural material are provided. An acoustic wave actuator is configured to generate acoustic wave signals to be propagated within the structural material and is in-situ fabricated on the structural material at a first location. An alternating current (AC) electric signal source drives the acoustic wave actuator to generate the acoustic wave signals at a predetermined frequency. One or more acoustic wave sensors detect the acoustic wave signals generated by the acoustic wave actuator and propagated within the structural material. More particularly, the acoustic wave detectors are configured to detect both fundamental and second harmonic acoustic signals at the predetermined frequency. The acoustic wave sensors are in-situ fabricated on the structural material at one or more second locations.

Systems and methods of determining physical conditions of a battery, such as state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), quality of construction, defect, or failure state include driving two or more acoustic signals of two or more amplitudes, each acoustic signal having two or more frequencies, into the battery and detecting vibrations generated in the battery based on the two or more acoustic signals. Nonlinear response characteristics of the battery for the two or more acoustic signals are determined from the detected vibrations. The physical conditions of the battery are determined based at least in part on the nonlinear response characteristics, using nonlinear acoustic resonance spectroscopy (NARS) or nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS).

An apparatus (10) and method for performing nonlinear elasticity measurements using the dynamic acousto-elasticity technique (DAET) at simulated subsurface conditions in the laboratory, are described. The current state-of-the-art for measuring non-linear elasticity parameters using DAET is limited to ambient pressure conditions on the bench-top. The present invention permits non-linear parameter measurements at controlled sample internal fluid pore pressures (52) and external confining stress (44), (50) conditions.