The present invention relates to an epitope of a thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) antigen and a use thereof, and more particularly, to the epitope, and an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment binding thereto. The epitope region of the human Trx1 antigen confirmed in the present invention may be effectively used in the development of an improved antibody to enhance the binding affinity of an anti-Trx1 antibody. In addition, the improved antibody of the present invention is effective in improvement of performance of a breast cancer diagnosis kit due to excellent binding affinity for Trx1 and very high sensitivity and specificity, compared to a conventional anti-Trx1 antibody. Further, the accuracy and reliability of breast cancer diagnosis may significantly increase because exceptionally high sensitivity and specificity are exhibited by detecting the monoclonal antibody of the present invention, which specifically binds to Trx1, rather than detecting CA15-3, another conventional breast cancer diagnostic biomarker.

A method of preparing isolated microsomes comprising an irreversibly inhibited cytochrome P450 (CYP450). Isolated microsomes are characterized in that a cytochrome P450 thereof is irreversibly inhibited by a non-reversible inhibitor. The isolated microsomes according to the invention may be used in a method of phenotyping enzymatic reactions of a drug candidate.

Cancers of different cellular or tissue origins express different ENOX2 cancer isoforms or combinations of isoforms and shed these proteins into the circulation. Herein are disclosed methods both for cancer detection and diagnosis of particular origin, based on the patterns and molecular weights of the isoforms which allow the identification of the cell type and or tissue of origin of the neoplasm. Relative ENOX2 amounts are proportional to tumor burden and provide a reliable measure of response to therapy and disease progression. Also provided is the amino acid sequence to which the scFv antibodies bind as the molecular basis for the specificity of the test.

A system for the electrochemical detection of ketone levels includes a test strip including an electrode and a counter electrode, the electrode and counter electrode located in a sample reception area. The system further includes a coating on one of the electrode and counter electrode, the coating including a mediator for ketones. Optionally, the mediator is ferricyanide.

The present invention relates to novel NADPH oxidase proteins, or Nox, the use thereof, the method of preparation thereof and the method for identification thereof.

Compositions and methods for determining post-transfusion survival or toxicity of red blood cells and the suitability of red blood cell units for transfusion by measuring the levels of one or more markers in a red blood cell sample are provided.

Cancers of different cellular or tissue origins express different ENOX2 cancer isoforms or combinations of isoforms and shed these proteins into the circulation. Herein are disclosed methods both for cancer detection and diagnosis of particular origin, based on the patterns and molecular weights of the isoforms which allow the identification of the cell type and or tissue of origin of the neoplasm. Relative ENOX2 amounts are proportional to tumor burden and provide a reliable measure of response to therapy and disease progression. Also provided is the amino acid sequence to which the scFv antibodies bind as the molecular basis for the specificity of the test.

The serotonin receptor 5HT2A (5HT2aR) and membrane NADPH oxidases (NOX enzymes) are found to be a target of autoantibodies present in Multiple Sclerosis patients. The present invention refers to peptides comprised in the extracellular regions of the human 5HT2aR and/or NOXs for diagnosis and therapy of Multiple Sclerosis.

Provided are certain methods of screening, identifying, and evaluating neuroprotective compounds useful for treatment of neurological diseases, such as, e.g., multiple sclerosis (MS). The compounds described upregulate the cellular cytoprotective pathway regulated by Nrf2. Also provided are certain methods of utilizing such compounds in therapy for neurological disease, particularly, for slowing or reducing demyelination, axonal loss, or neuronal and oligodendrocyte death.

A NADPH oxidase (Nox) protein includes a domain including 3 to 7 transmembrane helices, and an amino acid sequence including at least 2 bis-histidyl motifs, wherein each of the bis-histidyl motifs consists of 2 histidine residues separated by 12, 13 or 14 amino acid residues. The Nox protein may be produced by a method that includes solubilizing a solution of cells expressing the Nox protein using a detergent from the maltoside family to suspend the Nox protein in the solution.