Methods and analyte sensors including at least a first working electrode having a first active area thereon, and performing a dip coating operation to deposit a bilayer membrane upon the first working electrode and the first active area. The bilayer may include an inner layer having a first membrane polymer and an outer layer having a second membrane polymer, the first membrane polymer and the second membrane polymer differing from one another. The dip coating operation may comprise one or more first dips in a first membrane formulation to form the inner layer of the bilayer membrane and one or more second dips in a second membrane formulation to form the outer layer of the bilayer membrane upon the inner layer.

Provided herein are methods and systems of molecular profiling of diseases, such as cancer. In some embodiments, the molecular profiling can be used to identify treatments for the disease, such as treatments that provide likely benefit or likely lack of benefit for the disease. The molecular profiling can include analysis of a sequence of a nucleic acid. The invention provides a method of identifying at least one treatment associated with a cancer in a subject. In still another related aspect, the invention provides use of a reagent in carrying out the methods of the invention, and/or use of a reagent in the manufacture of a reagent or kit for carrying out the methods of the invention. In an aspect, the invention provides a system for identifying at least one treatment associated with a cancer in a subject.

Provided herein are methods and systems of molecular profiling of diseases, such as cancer. In some embodiments, the molecular profiling can be used to identify treatments for a disease, such as treatments that were not initially identified as a treatment for the disease or not expected to be a treatment for a particular disease.

Provided herein are methods and systems of molecular profiling of diseases, such as cancer. In some embodiments, the molecular profiling can be used to identify treatments for a disease, such as treatments that were not initially identified as a treatment for the disease or not expected to be a treatment for a particular disease.

A method for inhibiting xanthine oxidase and for reducing uric acid levels using a beta-carboline alkaloid compound of formula (I), wherein R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of a carboxyl group, a carboxylate group, a carboxamide group and hydrogen, and R.sub.2 is selected from the group consisting of CH.sub.2COOCH.sub.3, a methoxy group, hydrogen and a methyl group. Also disclosed is a method for monitoring xanthine oxidase inhibiting activity level.

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Disclosed herein are methods of detecting xanthine oxidase expression in polycystic kidney disease, or methods of delaying the onset or treating polycystic kidney disease, or both. The inventors have made the remarkable discovery that aberrant purine metabolism is not a corollary to disease but rather tissue expression of xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase (XO/XDH) expression is increased and possibly uric acid and oxygen radical production acting alone or in combination acts as a primary mediator of progression of structural and functional dysfunction. Specifically exemplified are methods that involve, measuring and evaluating tissue XO/XDH expression in polycystic kidney disease or any cystic tissue. Moreover, specifically exemplified are methods that involve administering to a patient susceptible to development of polycystic kidney disease a composition of agents, including uric acid lowering agents in a regimen that decreases expression of XO/XDH, lowering intracellular uric acid or free oxygen radical expression in a tissue.

Provided is a method for measuring a color change of an oxidation-reduction indicator, which method is applicable to measurement of the cariogenic bacterial count and the like. A color change of an oxidation-reduction indicator is measured by a method for measuring a color change of an oxidation-reduction indicator, the method comprising reacting a test reagent with a test sample and measuring a color change, wherein the test reagent contains an oxidation-reduction indicator, an oxidation-reduction promoter, and a halogen salt.

Provided herein are methods and systems of molecular profiling of diseases, such as cancer. In some embodiments, the molecular profiling can be used to identify treatments for a disease, such as treatments that were not initially identified as a treatment for the disease or not expected to be a treatment for a particular disease.

Provided herein are methods and systems of molecular profiling of diseases, such as cancer. In some embodiments, the molecular profiling can be used to identify treatments for a disease, such as treatments that were not initially identified as a treatment for the disease or not expected to be a treatment for a particular disease.

Methods and analyte sensors including at least a first working electrode having a first active area thereon, and performing a dip coating operation to deposit a bilayer membrane upon the first working electrode and the first active area. The bilayer may include an inner layer having a first membrane polymer and an outer layer having a second membrane polymer, the first membrane polymer and the second membrane polymer differing from one another. The dip coating operation may comprise one or more first dips in a first membrane formulation to form the inner layer of the bilayer membrane and one or more second dips in a second membrane formulation to form the outer layer of the bilayer membrane upon the inner layer.