Some embodiments relate to nanoparticle probes for the detection of disease states in a patient or for tissue engineering. In some embodiments, the nanoparticle probe comprises one or more slip bonds that bind to a cell surface structure. In some embodiments, the binding of the nanoparticle probe is selective. In some embodiments, the nanoparticle probe binds to cells having a certain maximum glycocalyx thickness.

This invention provides compositions of active highly phosphorylated lysosomal sulfatase enzymes, their pharmaceutical compositions, methods of producing and purifying such lysosomal sulfatase enzymes and compositions and their use in the diagnosis, prophylaxis, or treatment of diseases and conditions, including particularly lysosomal storage diseases that are caused by, or associated with, a deficiency in the lysosomal sulfatase enzyme.

This invention is related to the field of the prevention and treatment of kidney disease. The treatment of kidney disease may be tailored depending upon the need for, or expectation of, long-term dialysis. For example, prediction of long-term dialysis treatment can be determined by monitoring urine biomarkers related to the development of chronic kidney disease. For example, a normalized time course of approximately fourteen Days measuring hyaluronic acid, death receptor 5, and/or transforming growth factor 1 can be used to establish the risk of recovery versus non-recovery in patient's having suffered an acute kidney injury.

The present invention provides a humanized antibody or antibody fragment comprising (a) a humanized light chain comprising 1) Complementarity Determining Region (CDR)-L1, the sequence of which is identical to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3; 2) CDR-L2, the sequence of which is identical to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4; and 3) CDR-L3, the sequence of which is identical to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, and (b) a humanized heavy chain comprising 1) CDR-H1, the sequence of which is identical to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6; 2) CDR-H2, the sequence of which is identical to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7; and 3) CDR-H3, the sequence of which is identical to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, as well as methods for treating, diagnosing, and monitoring the progression of HIT. The present invention also provides methods for assessing the antigenicity and ability to cause HIT of anionic anticoagulants. The present invention also provides a mutant protein which has the same amino acid sequence of a wild type PF4 monomer except that (i) at least one amino acid of the wild type PF4 monomer has been deleted, (ii) at least one amino acid of the wild type PF4 monomer has been replaced by another amino acid, or (iii) a combination of such changes has been made. The present invention also provides methods of treating or reducing the likelihood of HIT, treating angiogenesis, treating abnormal cell growth, or affecting coagulation pathologies that lead to thrombus formation, by administering such mutant proteins to a patient.

The present invention relates to a method of screening for a cancer selected from the group consisting of prostate cancer, thyroid cancer, colon cancer, rectum cancer, lung cancer, uterine cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, liver cancer, bile duct cancer, stomach cancer, oesophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, brain cancer, blood cancer, ovarian cancer, skin cancer, melanoma and a neuroendocrine tumour in a subject, said method comprising determining the level and/or chemical composition of one or more of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) chondroitin sulfate (CS), heparan sulfate (HS), and hyaluronic acid (HA) in a body fluid sample, wherein said sample has been obtained from said subject.

The present invention provides methods that are for acquiring various types of supplementary information used for diagnosis or treatment of prostate cancer, and that can be implemented in a less-invasive manner at a low cost. Provided are, by measuring the content of prostate specific antigen (PSA) having a -N-acetylgalactosamine residue at a non-reducing terminal of a sugar chain in a specimen, and comparing the measured value with a threshold value, (1) a method for estimating whether a Gleason score (primary pattern and secondary pattern) is not less than or less than a prescribed value, (2) a method for estimating whether the pathological stage (pT) is not less than or less than a prescribed value, and (3) a method for acquiring information for assessment indicating diagnosis or treatment should be actively conducted because a GS at gross total removal is expected to be higher than a GS at biopsy.

Some embodiments relate to nanoparticle probes for the detection of disease states in a patient or for tissue engineering. In some embodiments, the nanoparticle probe comprises one or more slip bonds that bind to a cell surface structure. In some embodiments, the binding of the nanoparticle probe is selective. In some embodiments, the nanoparticle probe binds to cells having a certain maximum glycocalyx thickness.

The invention provides a method of diagnosing Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) and/or the hepatic fibrosis status of a subject, especially a subject afflicted with Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or NASH, based on the level of only three or more particular biomarkers. The invention further provides a kit suitable for performing said method and the use of said method and methods of treating patients diagnosed in accordance with the disclosed methods.

The present application relates to a method for detecting the content of a glycosaminoglycan carboxylated derivative in a sample, and an application thereof. The method comprises: (1) hydrolyzing a sample to obtain a hydrolysate containing a compound as represented by formula (I); (2) testing the hydrolysate by means of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; and (3) by using a glycosaminoglycan carboxylated derivative as a standard substance, hydrolyzing solutions thereof having different gradient concentrations according to the method in step (1), detecting, according to the method in step (2), mass spectrum signal peak areas of the compound as represented by formula (I) in the hydrolysates of the standard substance solutions having different concentrations, forming a standard curve on the basis of the mass spectrum signal peak areas against the amounts of the glycosaminoglycan carboxylated derivative standard substance, and according to the standard curve, calculating the content of the glycosaminoglycan carboxylated derivative in the sample according to the mass spectrum peak areas of the compound as represented by formula (I) determined in step (2). According to the method in the present application, hydrolysis products of a specific structure can be stably obtained by hydrolysis of the glycosaminoglycan carboxylated derivative, the structure can be detected by means of MS, and a hydrolysis product having higher mass spectrum abundance is selected, so that the amount of the glycosaminoglycan carboxylated derivative can be indirectly calculated. Moreover, the detection method has strong specificity, high accuracy, good precision, low limit of quantitation, and low limit of detection.

The invention provides antibodies that specifically bind to an epitope containing N-acetylglucosamine and specifically bind to an epitope comprising N-acetyl-galactosamine expressed by a cancer cell or an inflammatory cell. Further provided are methods for treating gastrointestinal diseases characterized by inflammatory cells in the intestines or colon in an individual by administering to the individual an antibody that specifically binds to an epitope containing N-acetylglucosamine and specifically binds to an epitope comprising N-acetyl-galactosamine.