The disclosure relates to a method for calculating surface electric field distribution of nanostructures. The method includes the following steps of: providing a nanostructure sample located on an insulated layer of a substrate; spraying first charged nanoparticles to the insulated surface; blowing vapor to the insulated surface and imaging the first charged nanoparticles via an optical microscope, recording the width w between the first charged nanoparticles and the nanostructure sample, and obtaining the voltage U of the nanostructure sample by an equation.

A constructive system regarding a capacitance electric voltage sensor comprises a source electrode (110, 210), a shielding tubular body (120, 220), an electric field sensor (130, 230) and a mass of dielectric insulating material (140, 240). The electric field sensor (130, 230) comprises at least one first inner sheet (131, 231) and a second outer sheet (132, 232) superimposed and joined together, wherein said first inner sheet (131, 231) is made by means of a conductive metal material, wherein said second outer sheet (132, 232) is made by means of an electrically insulating material, and wherein said second outer sheet (132, 232) made of insulating material is constrained with respect to the inner face (124, 224) of the shielding tubular element (120, 220).

Propagating brush discharge testing systems include an initiation electrode, a high-voltage switch, a sensor, and a controller. The initiation electrode has an exposed tip positioned adjacent to a surface of a test article. The high-voltage switch is configured to selectively isolate the initiation electrode from ground potential. The sensor is positioned and configured to detect a propagating brush discharge between the initiation electrode and the test article. The controller is programmed to operate the high-voltage switch to ground the initiation electrode.

A system for determining information relating to a first periodic signal, the system comprising a sequence of storage elements each configured to store at least one charged particle, where a signal with a constant voltage and a signal with a varying voltage is fed to each storage element. One of the signals with the varying voltage is the first periodic signal. By monitoring the current pumped between the storage elements by the voltages applied to the storage elements, the information relating to the first periodic signal may be generated.

Systems and methods for calibrating a conducted electrical weapon (CEW) to provide a predetermined amount of current for each pulse of the stimulus signal. Providing the predetermined amount of current, close thereto, increases the effectiveness of the stimulus signal in impeding locomotion of a human or animal target. The calibration process enables a CEW to calibrate the amount of charge in a pulse of the stimulus signal in the environmental conditions where the tester operates and also in the field where the environmental conditions may be different from the environmental conditions during calibration.

Systems and methods for calibrating a conducted electrical weapon (CEW) to provide a predetermined amount of current for each pulse of the stimulus signal. Providing the predetermined amount of current, close thereto, increases the effectiveness of the stimulus signal in impeding locomotion of a human or animal target. The calibration process enables a CEW to calibrate the amount of charge in a pulse of the stimulus signal in the environmental conditions where the tester operates and also in the field where the environmental conditions may be different from the environmental conditions during calibration.

A noncontact voltage measurement apparatus includes a sensing electrode to which a voltage corresponding to an alternating current voltage is applied, a feedback electrode, a conductive movable body that is supported so as to be displaceable in accordance with the Coulomb force generated between the movable body and the sensing electrode and the Coulomb force generated between the movable body and the feedback electrode, an elastic force for causing the movable body to return to a predetermined neutral position acting on the movable body, a displacement detection unit configured to detect a displacement of the movable body, a voltage applying unit configured to apply an alternating current voltage to the feedback electrode, and a control unit configured to control the voltage to be output from the voltage applying unit such that a detection result of the displacement from the displacement detection unit approaches a predetermined reference value.

The present invention provides a three-dimensional electric field sensor for hard hats, the sensor having a stand-alone structure and constructed of polymeric and hydrophobic materials, and intended for three-dimensional measurement of the electric field in energized powerlines by its disposition on hard hats. The three-dimensional sensor of the present invention has an outer shell with a base attaching to the hard hat and a cover attaching to the base, an inner shell functioning as a capacitive sensor as well as protecting an internal electronic board, a battery and adapter assembly as a power supply, and a warning buzzer, in order to provide complete optimization procedures to alert electric utility linemen of exceedingly close proximity to medium voltage conductors in powerlines.

An electromechanical component and an electromechanical component arrangement for proving the existence of a potential difference which consists of a first electrode, a second electrode and a proving structure. The proving structure is configured to be deflected in the event of there being a potential difference. In addition, an electromechanical component is configured to generate a useful effect.

A method implements operation of an electromechanical component for proving the existence of a potential difference, other methods implement operation for performing a functional test on the electromechanical component.

Disclosed is a voltage sensing apparatus comprising a signal generator coupled to a first conducting layer and a conductive element having a first voltage, the signal generator configured to superimpose a second voltage to the first voltage. The voltage sensing apparatus also comprises a meter disposed between the first conducting layer and a second conducting layer or between the signal generator and the second conducting layer. An output parameter of the meter is a function of one or more of the group consisting of: the first voltage and the second voltage. The output parameter and the second voltage can be used to adjust a determination of the first voltage.