An apparatus and a method for processing battery cell voltage data, which calculate a moving average by assigning a weight to one or more voltage data acquired from the battery cell and reflect the acquired voltage data to the calculated moving average and use the voltage data to rapidly follow a sudden change of the voltage data applied from the battery cell.

A battery and a battery system including such a battery. The battery includes: a first and a second battery cell arrangement, each including at least one battery cell, a first switch, and a second switch, and an evaluation unit. In each battery cell arrangement, the first switch is connected in series to the battery cell of the battery cell arrangement and the second switch is connected in parallel to the series connection made up of the battery cell and its associated first switch. The battery cell arrangements are connected in series. The evaluation unit is configured to activate the switches of a particular battery cell arrangement independently of the switches of particular other battery cell arrangements.

A battery and a battery system including such a battery. The battery includes: a first and a second battery cell arrangement, each including at least one battery cell, a first switch, and a second switch, and an evaluation unit. In each battery cell arrangement, the first switch is connected in series to the battery cell of the battery cell arrangement and the second switch is connected in parallel to the series connection made up of the battery cell and its associated first switch. The battery cell arrangements are connected in series. The evaluation unit is configured to activate the switches of a particular battery cell arrangement independently of the switches of particular other battery cell arrangements.

Disclosed herein are regulated power supplies. The power source delivers power to a system load and includes battery units. The power source also includes power flow devices coupled to the battery units that are configured to provide power from the battery units to the system load. Each power flow device corresponds to a respective one of the battery units, and includes a one direction current flow device connected in series with a current regulator between the respective battery unit and the system load.

Disclosed herein are regulated power supplies. The power source delivers power to a system load and includes battery units. The power source also includes power flow devices coupled to the battery units that are configured to provide power from the battery units to the system load. Each power flow device corresponds to a respective one of the battery units, and includes a one direction current flow device connected in series with a current regulator between the respective battery unit and the system load.

A monitor circuit for use in a management system with modular subsystems includes: a sensor configured to measure parameter values of a monitored electrical component as a function of time; and storage coupled to the sensor and configured to store the parameter values. The monitor circuit also includes frame preparation circuitry coupled to the storage and configured to prepare frames that include the parameter values, wherein the prepared frames vary in length as a function of time.

A monitor circuit for use in a management system with modular subsystems includes: a sensor configured to measure parameter values of a monitored electrical component as a function of time; and storage coupled to the sensor and configured to store the parameter values. The monitor circuit also includes frame preparation circuitry coupled to the storage and configured to prepare frames that include the parameter values, wherein the prepared frames vary in length as a function of time.

A control apparatus (1) includes a charge controller that, by using power when a lead-acid battery (3) or a lead-acid battery module (4) including a plurality of lead-acid batteries is discharged, performs refresh charge of another lead-acid battery (3) or another lead-acid battery module (4).

A control apparatus (1) includes a charge controller that, by using power when a lead-acid battery (3) or a lead-acid battery module (4) including a plurality of lead-acid batteries is discharged, performs refresh charge of another lead-acid battery (3) or another lead-acid battery module (4).

Methods and apparatuses for accurately estimating an internal temperature of a secondary battery with a charging rate SOC and a charge/discharge state taken into account are provided. A method may include a method of estimating an internal temperature (T) of a secondary battery for a vehicle, which includes a change determination process to be repeatedly performed and an internal temperature estimation process to be repeatedly performed.