An electronic device includes a housing including a front surface plate, a rear surface plate facing a direction opposite the front surface plate, and a side surface member surrounding a space between the front surface plate and the rear surface plate; at least one attachment member coupled to the side surface member, and removably fastened to a human body, the at least one attachment member including a first attachment member coupled to at least part of the side surface member, and a second attachment member coupled to a position of the side surface member facing the first attachment member; a substrate arranged in the space in parallel with the front surface plate; at least one wireless communication circuit arranged on the substrate; a first conductive pattern electrically connected with the wireless communication circuit, and arranged on the side surface member in proximity to the first attachment member; a second conductive pattern arranged on the side surface member in proximity to the second attachment member; a first conductive member arranged in the first attachment member in proximity to the first conductive pattern to be capacitively coupled with the first conductive pattern; and a second conductive member arranged in the second attachment member in proximity to the second conductive pattern to be capacitively coupled with the second conductive pattern.

An angular relationship determination method includes: obtaining, at an apparatus, a first phase difference indication corresponding to a first difference in phase between a first signal wirelessly received by a wireless signaling device from a transmitter and a second signal wirelessly received by the wireless signaling device from the transmitter; and determining, at the apparatus, a first angular relationship between the transmitter and the wireless signaling device based on the first phase difference indication, a first virtual focal point location corresponding to the first signal, and a second virtual focal point location corresponding to the second signal, the second virtual focal point location and the first virtual focal point location being different.

A method and apparatus for measuring an angle of arrival. The method includes: determining L×N values based on received values obtained by a first antenna array and a second antenna array by receiving a signal and determining an angle of arrival (AoA) of the first signal based on the L×N values. The first antenna array includes L rows of array elements arranged in a first direction and K columns of array elements arranged in a second direction. The second antenna array includes P rows of array elements arranged in the first direction and Q columns of array elements arranged in the second direction. N=K+Q. An included angle between the first direction and the second direction is greater than 0 degrees.

An angle-of-arrival antenna system uses two orthogonal arrays of patch antenna elements to measure the angle of arrival of a wireless signal irrespective of its polarization. Each antenna element has an antenna patch located over a corresponding ground patch. A shorting wall directly electrically connects one edge of the antenna patch to a corresponding edge of the underlying ground patch. The edge of the ground patch is also directly connected to a system ground plane. No other edges of the ground patch are connected to the system ground plane. The shorting wall acts as an impedance that isolates the ground patch from the system ground plane, and therefore improves isolation between the antenna elements. The antenna system may be constructed using conventional circuit-board fabrication techniques by implementing each shorting wall as an array of plated through-holes or slots.

A directional receiver system may include a receiver, a plurality of receive antenna elements, and a circuit. The receiver may include an input port and an output. The plurality of receive antenna elements may be fixedly configured into a known geometric relationship to each other, and each of the receive antenna elements may be connected to the input port of the receiver. The circuit may be coupled to the output of the receiver, configured to determine time differences at which signals from a source are incident upon the antenna elements, and configured to determine an angular orientation of the source to the receive antenna elements based on the time differences.

A directional receiver system may include a receiver, a plurality of receive antenna elements, and a circuit. The receiver may include an input port and an output. The plurality of receive antenna elements may be fixedly configured into a known geometric relationship to each other, and each of the receive antenna elements may be connected to the input port of the receiver. The circuit may be coupled to the output of the receiver, configured to determine time differences at which signals from a source are incident upon the antenna elements, and configured to determine an angular orientation of the source to the receive antenna elements based on the time differences.

A reader includes a transceiver and a control module. The transceiver is configured to, during a current connection event, monitor notification messages transmitted from a portable access device to a phone-as-a-key (PaaK) system of a vehicle, where the notification messages are transmitted to establish a communication link between the portable access device and the PaaK system. The control module is configured to: perform an in-phase and quadrature phase capture of the notification messages based on fields in one or more of the notification messages, where the fields include a mobile de-whitened section including two or more series of consecutive bits, where the consecutive bits in each of the one or more series are all zeros or all ones; based on the in-phase and quadrature phase capture, determine an angle-of-arrival of the notification messages, and indicate the angle-of-arrival to the PaaK system for permitted access determined by the PaaK system.

A reader includes a transceiver and a control module. The transceiver is configured to, during a current connection event, monitor notification messages transmitted from a portable access device to a phone-as-a-key (PaaK) system of a vehicle, where the notification messages are transmitted to establish a communication link between the portable access device and the PaaK system. The control module is configured to: perform an in-phase and quadrature phase capture of the notification messages based on fields in one or more of the notification messages, where the fields include a mobile de-whitened section including two or more series of consecutive bits, where the consecutive bits in each of the one or more series are all zeros or all ones; based on the in-phase and quadrature phase capture, determine an angle-of-arrival of the notification messages, and indicate the angle-of-arrival to the PaaK system for permitted access determined by the PaaK system.

A communication device includes: a wireless communication section configured to perform wireless communication with another communication device; and a control section configured to control a location information acquisition process of acquiring location information indicating a location where the other communication device is present, on a basis of accuracy required for the location information, wherein the control section executes, as the location information acquisition process, a process including acquisition of the location information based on a result of wireless communication between the wireless communication section and the other communication device.

In accordance with a first aspect of the present disclosure, a communication device is provided, comprising: an ultra-wideband (UWB) communication unit configured to enable UWB communication with at least one external communication device, the UWB communication unit comprising a first receiver and a second receiver; a controller configured to control the UWB communication unit; wherein the controller is configured to cause the UWB communication unit to operate in a first mode in which the first receiver is alternately coupled to a first antenna and a second antenna; and wherein the controller is configured to cause the UWB communication unit to operate in a second mode in which the first receiver is coupled to the first antenna and the second receiver is coupled to the second antenna. In accordance with a second aspect of the present disclosure, a corresponding method of operating a communication device is conceived. In accordance with a third aspect of the present disclosure, a computer program is provided for performing said method.