There are disclosed methods and apparatus for remotely measuring atmospheric pressure using a satellite (10). Measurements of reflections of a plurality of different frequencies of radio waves received back at the satellite are made, following transmission from the satellite into the atmosphere of radio waves at each of the different frequencies. Atmospheric pressure is then estimated by comparing the measurements of reflections of each of the different frequencies.

Aspects of the invention are directed towards a system and method for calculating ionospheric scintillation includes calculating a motion-corrected perturbation of a GNSS radio signal received by a monitoring device deployed in an oceanic environment.

An apparatus for composition for dual-polarization weather radar observation data includes: a coordinate system converting unit that converts a reference grid of an orthogonal coordinate system into a grid of a dual-polarization weather radar spherical coordinate system based on a latitudinal-longitudinal coordinate system for each individual dual-polarization weather radar by using an earth spherical coordinate system; a CAPPI data generating unit that generates CAPPI data based on the orthogonal coordinate system after mapping individual items of dual-polarization weather radar observation data on grid coordinates of the dual-polarization weather radar spherical coordinate system; and a CAPPI data compositing unit that performs composition of CAPPI data for each of the individual dual-polarization weather radars located at the same coordinate of the orthogonal coordinate system obtained by mapping the individual items of dual-polarization weather radar observation data thereon.

A communications system includes cellular devices and cellular base stations in communication with the cellular devices in a first frequency band. A non-geostationary satellite may include sensing circuitry operable in a second frequency band susceptible to interference from the first frequency band. Each cellular base station may include a controller and a transceiver cooperating therewith. The controller may be configured to store satellite path data for the non-geostationary satellite, determine when the satellite path data indicates interference would otherwise be experienced by the non-geostationary satellite, and implement an interference mitigation action in cooperation with associated cellular devices based upon the satellite path data indicating interference would otherwise be experienced by the non-geostationary satellite.

Many in the space weather community consider our understanding of the buoyancy of the thermosphere and its effects on the orbits of satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to be insufficient during short time frames. Disclosed herein is an approach for making on-demand thermosphere buoyancy measurements using a deployable low mass retroreflector with CubeSat-like dimensions. A CubeSat storing many retroreflectors can dispense one or more of these passive satellites according to a predetermined schedule or on-command, in response to an observed space weather phenomenon like a coronal mass ejection. With measurements of the orbit decay from these passive satellites, a better understanding of the relationship between space weather and orbital decay can be established with relatively low cost.

The invention relates to a method of determining at least one meteorological quantity (iwvc, ilwc, rr) for describing a state of atmospheric water, in particular of water vapor (wv), condensed water (lw) and/or precipitation (r), comprising the following steps: (a) providing meteorological input data (d1), (b) step in whichfor at least one state (wv, lw) of the atmospheric watersecond data (d2) are calculated from the meteorological input data (d1), said second data (d2) representing a measure of the signal attenuation of signals transmitted though the atmosphere (A), said signal attenuation being caused by said at least one state (wv, lw), (c) providing third data (d3), which represent a measure of the signal attenuation of signals caused by atmospheric water, wherein the third data (d3) are obtained from the measurement of signals (3) which have been transmitted through the atmosphere (A) between signal transmission devices (1,2), in particular between signal transmission devices on satellites (1) and terrestrial signal transmission devices (2), (d) comparing the second data (d2) with the third data (d3), and (e) step in whichfor at least one further state (lw, r) of the atmospheric water, which preferably has not been taken into account in the calculation of step (b)a meteorological quantity (ilwc, rr) for describing said at least one further state (lw, r) is calculated in dependence of the deviation between the second data (d2) and the third data (d3).

The technology relates to generating current and future estimated weather models for predicting current and future estimated weather data. This may include indexing observations including weather data on a first grid based on locations of the observations. The first grid may have a plurality of cells each representing a volume of space for an area of the earth. A second cell of a second grid having a plurality of second cells each representing a volume of space for an area of the earth may be identified. The dimensions of the first cell may be increased. A set of indexed observations may be identified by selecting ones of the set of indexed observations that are indexed to any of the plurality of first cells having geographic areas that at least partially overlap with the increased dimensions. The set of indexed observations may be used to train a model.

Disclosed are methods, systems, and non-transitory computer-readable medium for detecting and confirming objects using a radar system and an electro-optical and imaging system of a vehicle. For instance, the method may include obtaining volumetric radar data, the volumetric radar data being produced by the radar system of the vehicle for zones of a scanned area; analyzing the volumetric radar data to detect objects in a subset of zones from among the zones of the scanned area; controlling the electro-optical and imaging system of the vehicle to examine the subset of zones to identify and confirm the presence of the detected objects in one or more zones of the subset of zones; receiving a confirmation that a detected object of the detected objects is present in the one or more zones of the subset of zones; and performing an action to update a vehicle system in response to receiving the confirmation.

In some examples, a system includes a radar device configured to transmit first X-band radar signals in a weather mode and receive first return X-band radar signals in the weather mode. In some examples, the radar device is further configured to transmit second X-band radar signals in a landing mode and receive second return X-band radar signals in the landing mode. In some examples, the system also includes processing circuitry configured to detect, in the weather mode, weather formations based on the first return X-band radar signals. In some examples, the processing circuitry is further configured to determine, in the landing mode, a position of a transponder based on the second return X-band radar signals received by the radar device and determine a location of a runway based on the position of the transponder.

The system and method represents a high-resolution, three-dimensional, multi-static precipitation RADAR approach that employs agile microsatellites, in formation and remotely coupled, via a new high-precision, ultra-low power, remote timing synchronization technology. This system and method uses multi-static RADAR interferometric methods implemented via a microsatellite formation to synthesize an effectively large (e.g., 15 m) aperture to provide about 1 km horizontal resolution and about 125 m vertical resolution in the Ku-band.