Described is a device comprising a retro-reflective marker sphere comprising: a core ball comprising: a generally spherical body portion, a mounting base extending from one end of the body portion of the core ball, and a mounting recess having a recess opening in the mounting base and extending into the body portion of the core ball, and a retro-reflective covering on the core ball, the retro-reflective covering comprising an opening through which the mounting base of the core ball extends, wherein a flat lower surface of the mounting base is spaced proximally from a lower edge of the opening of the retro-reflective covering, and wherein the mounting recess includes an interior screw thread for engaging an exterior screw thread of a mounting post when the retro-reflective marker sphere is mounted on the mounting post.

Described is a device comprising a retro-reflective marker sphere comprising: a core ball comprising: a generally spherical body portion, a mounting base extending from one end of the body portion of the core ball, and a mounting recess having a recess opening in the mounting base and extending into the body portion of the core ball, and a retro-reflective covering on the core ball, the retro-reflective covering comprising an opening through which the mounting base of the core ball extends, wherein a flat lower surface of the mounting base is spaced proximally from a lower edge of the opening of the retro-reflective covering, and wherein the mounting recess includes an interior screw thread for engaging an exterior screw thread of a mounting post when the retro-reflective marker sphere is mounted on the mounting post.

A method for separating detection signals in the beam path of an optical device, different signals being formed in a defined temporal sequence, is wherein a suppression or separation of signals is performed on the basis of the temporal sequence which is known or can be determined/established.

According to one aspect, a planar and volumetric dosimeter for use with a radiotherapy machine having a radiation source. The dosimeter includes a scintillating assembly including a plurality of scintillating optical fibers and configured to generate a light output in response to incident dose distribution thereon from the radiation source, and a photo-detector operable to convert optical energy emitted by the scintillating assembly to electrical signals for determining actual two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) dose distribution incident on the scintillating assembly using a tomographic reconstruction algorithm.

According to one aspect, a planar and volumetric dosimeter for use with a radiotherapy machine having a radiation source. The dosimeter includes a scintillating assembly including a plurality of scintillating optical fibers and configured to generate a light output in response to incident dose distribution thereon from the radiation source, and a photo-detector operable to convert optical energy emitted by the scintillating assembly to electrical signals for determining actual two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) dose distribution incident on the scintillating assembly using a tomographic reconstruction algorithm.

A radiation dose sensor that measures a radiation dose of a biocontainer formed for a first material includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a film. The first electrode has a plurality of first fingers. And the second electrode has a plurality of second fingers. The fingers of the first electrode extend towards and are interdigitated with the fingers of the second electrode that extend towards the first electrode with gaps formed between the first and second fingers. The film coats the interdigitated fingers and is disposed within the gaps. The film is formed of a second material that is similar to the first material that forms the biocontainer.

A sensor and a sensing device for determining a radiation dose, a readout device for reading out a sensor, and a method for determining a radiation dose, the sensor (110) comprising: an organic material, the organic material having a radiation dose-dependent light emission characteristic such that a characteristic light emission is generated from the organic material once the organic material has accumulated a radiation dose greater than a threshold radiation dose characteristic (172), the sensor (110) being further configured such that a difference of the threshold radiation dose characteristic (172) and a radiation dose accumulated in the material represents a to-be-determined radiation dose.

A sensor and a sensing device for determining a radiation dose, a readout device for reading out a sensor, and a method for determining a radiation dose, the sensor (110) comprising: an organic material, the organic material having a radiation dose-dependent light emission characteristic such that a characteristic light emission is generated from the organic material once the organic material has accumulated a radiation dose greater than a threshold radiation dose characteristic (172), the sensor (110) being further configured such that a difference of the threshold radiation dose characteristic (172) and a radiation dose accumulated in the material represents a to-be-determined radiation dose.