The present disclosure provides an image sensor and electronic equipment. The image sensor includes: a pixel array, comprising a plurality of pixels, wherein a light-transmitting part is disposed between adjacent pixels; a protective layer, covering at least a part of a surface of the pixel; a conversion layer, configured to convert X-ray into visible light; wherein when X-ray is incident from a side of the image sensor, a portion of the X-ray is incident on the protective layer, another portion of X-ray transmits through the light-transmitting part between the pixels, reaches the conversion layer, and is converted into visible light by the conversion layer and received by the pixel. With the above solution, the pixels can be protected from the damage of X-ray high-energy photons while improving the resolution of the captured X-ray image.

Disclosed are fast gamma-ray interaction-position estimation methods using k-d tree searching. Compared with conventional methods, the methods disclosed herein achieve both high levels of speed and accuracy using k-d tree data structures. The k-d tree search methods have a time complexity of O(log x(N)), where x is the number of branches at each node and N is the number of entries in the reference data set, which means larger reference datasets can be used to efficiently estimate each event's interaction position. The accuracy of methods described herein was found to be equal to the exhaustive search method, yielding the highest achievable accuracy. Most importantly, the disclosed methods have no restriction on the data structure of the reference dataset and can work with complicated mean detector response functions (MDRFs), meaning it is more robust compared with other methods such as contracting grid (CG) search or vector search (VS) methods.

An X-ray detector unit is disclosed. In an embodiment, the X-ray detector unit includes: at least one analysis unit to process electrical signals delivered from a coupled converter unit and operatable by an operating voltage; an adjustable voltage supply, coupled to the at least one analysis unit, to provide an adjustable supply voltage; an identification unit, assigned to the at least one analysis unit, to provide identification information about the at least one analysis unit in a readable manner; and a communication unit, coupled to the adjustable voltage supply, to read the identification information provided from the identification unit, and based upon the identification information provided, to adjust the adjustable voltage supply to equate the provided supply voltage to the operating voltage of the at least one analysis unit.

A particle imaging method for distinguishing between types of incident particles, such as neutrons, photons, and alphas, and improving the position resolution of particle imaging devices with matrix readout. The method includes high frequency multisampling readout electronics that provides the sequences of multiple measurements for each detected event, resulting in recorded detailed waveform information describing the signals. Such detailed information is used to approximate each signal waveform with a parameterized function in which the extracted parameter sets determine the type of the incident particle in an optimized fashion. The detailed event-by-event multisampling information for each signal readout channel in the matrix readout of the radiation imaging devices improves and optimizes the position resolution for variable shapes of the signals. Such devices can be used in mixed radiation fields, creating a new class of multimodal photon and neutron imagers.

Some embodiments include a system, comprising a hybrid imaging device comprising: a first scintillator; a first detector sensors configured to generate a signal based on photons emitted from the first scintillator; a second scintillator; a second detector sensors configured to generate a signal based on photons emitted from the second scintillator; and a control logic coupled to the first detector layer and the second detector layer; wherein: a material of the first scintillator is different from a material of the second scintillator; the first detector overlaps the second detector; and the control logic is configured to generate dose data in response to the first detector and image data in response to the second detector.

A scintillator unit that can reduce crosstalk when the scintillator unit includes a plurality of scintillators and a radiation detector are provided. More specifically, a scintillator unit includes a reflective layer between a plurality of scintillators and the plurality of scintillators, wherein an adhesive layer and a low-refractive-index layer with a lower refractive index than the adhesive layer are located in this order on the scintillators between the scintillators and the reflective layer.

An electromagnetic wave detector is provided. The electromagnetic wave detector comprises: a base; a sensor element arranged on a principal surface of the base and configured to convert, into an electrical signal, light emitted from a scintillator which receives an electromagnetic wave; a lens portion arranged between the scintillator and the sensor element and configured to collect the light generated by the scintillator to the sensor element; a light transmissive portion arranged between the lens portion and the sensor element and configured to transmit the light generated by the scintillator; and a shielding portion including an inner wall located on a periphery of the sensor element and configured to shield the electromagnetic wave. The inner wall is arranged between the light transmissive portion and the principal surface.

A radiation detection apparatus can include a scintillator to emit scintillating light in response to absorbing radiation; a photosensor to generate an electronic pulse in response to receiving the scintillating light; an analyzer to determine a characteristic of the radiation; and a housing that contains the scintillator, the photosensor, and the analyzer, wherein the radiation detection apparatus to is configured to allow functionality be changed without removing the analyzer from the housing. The radiation detection apparatus can be more compact and more rugged as compared to radiation detection apparatuses that include a photomultiplier tube.

A radiation detector for detecting radiation and identifying the type thereof includes: a scintillator module formed by stacking a first scintillator emitting light in a first wavelength range by reacting with first radiation and a second scintillator emitting light in a second wavelength range by reacting with second radiation; a first optical filter attached to a region of the scintillator module and transmitting the light in the first wavelength range; a second optical filter attached to another region of the scintillator module and transmitting the light in the second wavelength range; a first photodetector sensing the light in the first wavelength range that has passed through the first optical filter; a second photodetector sensing the light in the second wavelength range that has passed through the second optical filter; and a controller determining radiation on the basis of sensing results by the first photodetector and the second photodetector.

Disclosed is a self-powered perovskite X-ray detector. The self-powered perovskite X-ray detector according to an embodiment of the present invention has a shape wherein a scintillator converting incident X-rays into visible light is combined with a perovskite photodetector, wherein the scintillator and the perovskite light absorption layer include a perovskite compound represented by Formula 1 below:
A.sub.aM.sub.bX.sub.c  [Formula 1] where A is a monovalent cation, M is a divalent metal cation or a trivalent metal cation, X is a monovalent anion, a+2b=c when M is a divalent metal cation, a+3b=4c when M is a trivalent metal cation, and a, b, and c are natural numbers.