The present invention relates to a water dosimetry device using X-ray induced ultrasonic waves, in which a medical X-ray linear accelerator and an ultrasonic transducer are combined to construct a medical X-ray linear accelerator-based ultrasound imaging device, so that a radiation-absorbed dose in water when X-rays irradiate the water is measured in real time.

The present invention relates to a water dosimetry device using X-ray induced ultrasonic waves, in which a medical X-ray linear accelerator and an ultrasonic transducer are combined to construct a medical X-ray linear accelerator-based ultrasound imaging device, so that a radiation-absorbed dose in water when X-rays irradiate the water is measured in real time.

A small, low power, solid state particle counter may be configured to detect radiation. A scintillator may be doped to emit light in a predetermined energy range when impacted by radiation particles. A photodiode attached to or held against the scintillator may be configured to detect the emitted light in the predetermined energy range and output a current proportional to an amount of the emitted light.

In the technical field of power generation, a method and system for directly and rapidly detecting .sup.14C of carbon dioxide, which can quickly complete a .sup.14C activity measurement of carbon dioxide, while further improving uniformity and accuracy for directly and rapidly detecting .sup.14C of carbon dioxide. The method includes: pressurizing and liquefying gaseous carbon dioxide to obtain liquid carbon dioxide; mixing the liquid carbon dioxide with a cosolvent and a scintillator in a pressure vessel to obtain a mixed solution; and placing the pressure vessel in a liquid scintillation counter for carrying out radiocarbon activity detection.

In the technical field of power generation, a method and system for directly and rapidly detecting .sup.14C of carbon dioxide, which can quickly complete a .sup.14C activity measurement of carbon dioxide, while further improving uniformity and accuracy for directly and rapidly detecting .sup.14C of carbon dioxide. The method includes: pressurizing and liquefying gaseous carbon dioxide to obtain liquid carbon dioxide; mixing the liquid carbon dioxide with a cosolvent and a scintillator in a pressure vessel to obtain a mixed solution; and placing the pressure vessel in a liquid scintillation counter for carrying out radiocarbon activity detection.

A large-area directional radiation detection system useful in detecting shielded radiological weapons may include a large number of prism-shaped detectors stacked in a two-dimensional array of particle detectors in which alternate detectors are displaced frontward and rearward in, for example, a checkerboard-type arrangement of detectors. If a source of radiation is in front of the array, the frontward detectors act as collimators for the rearward detectors, thereby producing a narrow detection peak among the rearward detectors. The lateral position of the detection peak indicates the lateral position of the source, and the width of the detection peak indicates the distance of the source from the detector array, thereby providing a three-dimensional determination of the source location. The high detection efficiency and large solid angle of the detector array enable rapid detection of even well-shielded threat sources at substantial distances, while simultaneously determining the positions of the detected sources.

A large-area directional radiation detection system useful in detecting shielded radiological weapons may include a large number of prism-shaped detectors stacked in a two-dimensional array of particle detectors in which alternate detectors are displaced frontward and rearward in, for example, a checkerboard-type arrangement of detectors. If a source of radiation is in front of the array, the frontward detectors act as collimators for the rearward detectors, thereby producing a narrow detection peak among the rearward detectors. The lateral position of the detection peak indicates the lateral position of the source, and the width of the detection peak indicates the distance of the source from the detector array, thereby providing a three-dimensional determination of the source location. The high detection efficiency and large solid angle of the detector array enable rapid detection of even well-shielded threat sources at substantial distances, while simultaneously determining the positions of the detected sources.

An apparatus for use in making localized passive measurements of electromagnetic radiation emitted from an object located in a radioactive environment includes a hollow elongate conduit having a first end, a second end, and a reflective inner surface. The first end of the conduit is positionable in the radioactive environment proximate the object, and the second end of the conduit is positionable outside the radioactive environment. The conduit has at least one bend between the first end and the second end, such that light entering the first end of the conduit is reflected by the inner surface of the conduit at least once as it travels through the conduit before reaching the second end. A detector in optical communication with the second end of the conduit is configured to detect electromagnetic radiation that reaches the second end.

An apparatus for use in making localized passive measurements of electromagnetic radiation emitted from an object located in a radioactive environment includes a hollow elongate conduit having a first end, a second end, and a reflective inner surface. The first end of the conduit is positionable in the radioactive environment proximate the object, and the second end of the conduit is positionable outside the radioactive environment. The conduit has at least one bend between the first end and the second end, such that light entering the first end of the conduit is reflected by the inner surface of the conduit at least once as it travels through the conduit before reaching the second end. A detector in optical communication with the second end of the conduit is configured to detect electromagnetic radiation that reaches the second end.

Disclosed is a detector for a positron imaging unit, comprises a hollow body with an inner cylindrical wall and an outer wall spaced apart from the inner cylindrical wall. The hollow body includes a scintillating material, suitable to emit photons once hit by a 511 keV -ray, and one or more pairs of photo-detecting units (e.g. comprising PMTs or SiPM) for detecting photons emitted by the scintillating material; each photo-detecting unit of a pair being placed at opposite ends of the inner cylindrical wall along a radial direction. The scintillating material has scintillation decay time lower than 10 ns, an atomic number greater than 10, and a high scintillation yield greater than 8,000 photons/MeV, and comprises a mixture of xenon and argon. An imaging unit including the detector and a method to estimate the differential of the dose of radiation provided in a subject to cancer cells and to surrounding tissues in the course of hadrotherapy is also disclosed.