Techniques are disclosed for systems and methods to provide a radiation detector module for a radiation detector. A radiation detector module includes a metallic and/or metalized enclosure, a radiation sensor disposed within the enclosure, readout electronics configured to provide radiation detection event signals corresponding to incident ionizing radiation in the radiation sensor, and a cap including an internal interface configured to couple to the readout electronics and an external interface configured to couple to a radiation detector, where the cap is configured to hermetically seal the radiation sensor within the enclosure. The cap may be implemented as an edge plated printed circuit board (PCB) including a slot configured to mate with a planar edge of an open surface of the enclosure, where the slot is soldered to the planar edge of the enclosure to hermetically seal the radiation sensor within the enclosure.

Techniques are disclosed for systems and methods to detect radiation accurately, and particularly in a highly radioactive environment. A system includes a detector module for a radiation detector and a parallel signal analyzer configured to receive radiation detection event signals from the detector module and provide a spectroscopy output and a dose rate output. The parallel signal analyzer may be configured to analyze the radiation detection event signals in parallel in first and second analysis channels according to respective first and second measurement times and determine the spectroscopy output and the dose rate output based on radiation detection event energies determined according to the respective first and second measurement times.

Techniques are disclosed for systems and methods to detect radiation accurately, and particularly in a highly radioactive environment. A system includes a detector module for a radiation detector and a parallel signal analyzer configured to receive radiation detection event signals from the detector module and provide a spectroscopy output and a dose rate output. The parallel signal analyzer may be configured to analyze the radiation detection event signals in parallel in first and second analysis channels according to respective first and second measurement times and determine the spectroscopy output and the dose rate output based on radiation detection event energies determined according to the respective first and second measurement times.

A Proton Computed Tomography (pCT) system utilizing proton beams for construction of 3-dimensional density maps of both test phantoms and living tissue. PCT is a much sought-after modality for treatment planning and validation at proton therapy treatment centers, as it would allow in situ imaging with the same beam that is used for the treatment. A pCT system according to the present invention includes gaseous detectors for tracking and energy reconstruction, a shutter system to extend dynamic range features while maintaining good energy resolution, and a method for determining proton energy from a forward-search algorithm utilizing segmentation of energy detector ionization signal readout. The gaseous detectors are Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) based gaseous detectors.

A Proton Computed Tomography (pCT) system utilizing proton beams for construction of 3-dimensional density maps of both test phantoms and living tissue. PCT is a much sought-after modality for treatment planning and validation at proton therapy treatment centers, as it would allow in situ imaging with the same beam that is used for the treatment. A pCT system according to the present invention includes gaseous detectors for tracking and energy reconstruction, a shutter system to extend dynamic range features while maintaining good energy resolution, and a method for determining proton energy from a forward-search algorithm utilizing segmentation of energy detector ionization signal readout. The gaseous detectors are Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) based gaseous detectors.

A method for underground exploration using cosmic rays muons, the method comprises: detecting cosmic ray muons by sensing ionizing events that initiate within spaces of one or more gas amplification detectors of a system that is positioned within an underground space; and limiting a flow of gas within the spaces of the one or more gas amplification detectors.

A method for underground exploration using cosmic rays muons, the method comprises: detecting cosmic ray muons by sensing ionizing events that initiate within spaces of one or more gas amplification detectors of a system that is positioned within an underground space; and limiting a flow of gas within the spaces of the one or more gas amplification detectors.

A radiation detector is provided. In a further aspect, a detector employs a Parallel Plate Avalanche Counter (OPPAC) which includes an anode film, a parallel cathode film and multiple optical photo-detectors, such as photo-sensors and/or photo-multipliers. A method of using a radiation detector is also provided.

A radiation detector is provided. In a further aspect, a detector employs a Parallel Plate Avalanche Counter (OPPAC) which includes an anode film, a parallel cathode film and multiple optical photo-detectors, such as photo-sensors and/or photo-multipliers. A method of using a radiation detector is also provided.

A pixel circuit of an X-ray sensor includes a photo diode, a first transistor, a second transistor and a third transistor. The photo diode is used to sense X-rays and to generate a corresponding electrical sensing signal. The first transistor is electrically connected with the photo diode to reset the electrical sensing signal. The second transistor is electrically connected with the photo diode to amplify the electrical sensing signal and to generate an amplified sensing signal. The third transistor is electrically connected with the second transistor to output the amplified sensing signal. The second transistor has a terminal electrically connected with a high voltage, and the first transistor has a terminal electrically connected with a calibration voltage. The high voltage and the calibration voltage are controlled separately.