A sound source including a first gas filled underwater resonator, a second gas filled underwater resonator connected to the first resonator, where the second resonator comprises a Helmholtz resonator, and at least one excitation member configured to excite the first resonator and the second resonator is disclosed. The first resonator is permanently tuned to produce a first resonant frequency upon excitation by the at least one excitation member and the second resonator is permanently tuned to produce a second resonant frequency upon excitation by the at least one excitation member. The first resonant frequency is different from the second resonant frequency.

A sound source including a first gas filled underwater resonator, a second gas filled underwater resonator connected to the first resonator, where the second resonator comprises a Helmholtz resonator, and at least one excitation member configured to excite the first resonator and the second resonator is disclosed. The first resonator is permanently tuned to produce a first resonant frequency upon excitation by the at least one excitation member and the second resonator is permanently tuned to produce a second resonant frequency upon excitation by the at least one excitation member. The first resonant frequency is different from the second resonant frequency.

Embodiments herein describe a seismic source that includes a reservoir configured to hold compressed gas, a first firing head coupled to the reservoir where the first firing head configured to generate seismic energy by releasing a first portion of the compressed air from the reservoir to form a first gas bubble in a seismic medium, and a second firing head coupled to the reservoir where the second firing head configured to generate seismic energy by releasing a second portion of the compressed gas from the reservoir to form a second gas bubble in the seismic medium. Moreover, at least one first fill line is coupled directly to the reservoir.

System for generating pressure waves for deep seismic surveys operating in an underwater environment below the surface, suitable for investigating subcrustal objectives for prospecting purposes in the search for hydrocarbons and/or minerals. The system comprises one or more autonomous underwater vehicles organized in swarms, independent and coordinated, each housing one or more autonomous acoustic sea sources with self-propelled striker pistons. This system is served by a system of supporting surface stations, for reprovisioning, recovery actions, checking the well-being of the single vehicles and swarms and maintenance. The system is capable of using both conventional and non-conventional self-charged acoustic sea seismic sources. The system is capable of replicating the effect of a conventional source operated from the surface. The seismic sea source of the non-conventional acoustic type, proposed herein, can release a high-intensity pressure wave produced by a system of two striker pistons, which does not consume air when operating as it does not disperse air or another gas in water and does not produce mass variations of the device during its functioning and allows the amplitude and duration of the sound wave emitted and characteristics of the emission spectrum, to be regulated.

A method includes receiving, via a processor, input data based upon received seismic data, migrating, via the processor, the input data via a pre-stack depth migration technique to generate migrated input data, encoding, via the processor, the input data via an encoding function as a migration attribute to generate encoded input data having a migration function that is non-monotonic versus an attribute related to the input data, migrating, via the processor, the encoded input data via the pre-stack depth migration technique to generate migrated encoded input data, and generating an estimated common image gather based upon the migrated input data and the migrated encoded input data. The method also includes generating a seismic image utilizing the estimated common image gather, wherein the seismic image represents hydrocarbons in a subsurface region of the Earth or subsurface drilling hazards.

A method includes receiving, via a processor, input data based upon received seismic data, migrating, via the processor, the input data via a pre-stack depth migration technique to generate migrated input data, encoding, via the processor, the input data via an encoding function as a migration attribute to generate encoded input data having a migration function that is non-monotonic versus an attribute related to the input data, migrating, via the processor, the encoded input data via the pre-stack depth migration technique to generate migrated encoded input data, and generating an estimated common image gather based upon the migrated input data and the migrated encoded input data. The method also includes generating a seismic image utilizing the estimated common image gather, wherein the seismic image represents hydrocarbons in a subsurface region of the Earth or subsurface drilling hazards.

Apparatus for the generation of pressure waves for seismic surveys in marine environment comprising a cylinder (3), defining an axis, in which a striker piston (1) and a pump piston (2) are situated, each having two respective opposite sides with respect to said axis, of which a side of the striker piston (1) situated in front of the pump piston (2) is defined first impact side, and a side of the pump piston (2) in front of the striker piston (1) is defined second impact side, the pump piston (2) and the striker piston (1) sliding in the cylinder (3) in a direction parallel to the axis, and the pump piston (2) and striker piston (1) being such as to strike against each other, by means of the first and the second impact sides, the striker piston (1) being driven by activation means pressing on the side opposite to its own impact side, wherein the cylinder (3) comprises, at one of its ends, a chamber (15) having a diameter larger, smaller or equal to that of the portion of cylinder (3) in which the striker piston (1) is housed, wherein in said chamber (15) a part of the pump piston (2) can slide, communication passages which connect the chamber (15) with the water of the marine environment (10), so as to transmit an impulse generated by said impact to the marine environment.

Apparatus for the generation of pressure waves for seismic surveys in marine environment comprising a cylinder (3), defining an axis, in which a striker piston (1) and a pump piston (2) are situated, each having two respective opposite sides with respect to said axis, of which a side of the striker piston (1) situated in front of the pump piston (2) is defined first impact side, and a side of the pump piston (2) in front of the striker piston (1) is defined second impact side, the pump piston (2) and the striker piston (1) sliding in the cylinder (3) in a direction parallel to the axis, and the pump piston (2) and striker piston (1) being such as to strike against each other, by means of the first and the second impact sides, the striker piston (1) being driven by activation means pressing on the side opposite to its own impact side, wherein the cylinder (3) comprises, at one of its ends, a chamber (15) having a diameter larger, smaller or equal to that of the portion of cylinder (3) in which the striker piston (1) is housed, wherein in said chamber (15) a part of the pump piston (2) can slide, communication passages which connect the chamber (15) with the water of the marine environment (10), so as to transmit an impulse generated by said impact to the marine environment.

A cable that include a hose having a conductor located thereabout. A first strength member layer is located about the conductor. A second strength member layer is located about the first strength member layer. A first jacket is located about the second strength member layer. The first jacket is fiber-reinforced. A second jacket is located about the first jacket. The second jacket is a contrasting color to the first jacket.

A vessel system includes a hull configured to provide buoyancy, one or more seismic sources configured to generate seismic energy, and a deployment apparatus configured to deploy the seismic sources from the hull to a water body or water column. A control system can be configured to operate the deployment apparatus, in order to deploy the seismic sources.