A procedure that integrates petrophysics and rock typing taken from vertical well measurements, 3D seismic elastic properties and seismic attributes, and geostatistical modeling to build a 3D reservoir model is provided. The 3D reservoir model may be directly incorporated into horizontal fracture model designs. The developed 3D reservoir model for a subsurface volume may be used in a fracture model to optimize fracturing designs and maximize well performance.

A seismic source apparatus, configured to be maneuvered by a vehicle over terrain.

A vehicle adapted for seismic survey operations includes a hybrid engine, which has an internal combustion mode and an electrical power mode. The engine operating mode is selected based on the activity in which the vehicle is engaging. During movement, the internal combustion mode may be used and during seismic sweeping, the electrical power mode may be used. In variants, the electrical power may be used during movement.

A vehicle adapted for seismic survey operations includes a hybrid engine, which has an internal combustion mode and an electrical power mode. The engine operating mode is selected based on the activity in which the vehicle is engaging. During movement, the internal combustion mode may be used and during seismic sweeping, the electrical power mode may be used. In variants, the electrical power may be used during movement.

A dipole source for borehole acoustic logging includes a cylindrical shell, a center beam coupled to the cylindrical shell, a movable projector inside the cylindrical shell to impact the center beam, and a cavity acoustically insulating the interior of the cylindrical shell from the exterior of the cylindrical shell. An acoustic logging tool for making measurements of a substrate surrounding a borehole with a body insertable in the borehole is also provided. The body includes an acoustic detector and a dipole source as above, along the axial length. The acoustic logging tool may include a control unit to process data collected from the acoustic detector and obtain information about the substrate surrounding the borehole.

A dipole source for borehole acoustic logging includes a cylindrical shell, a center beam coupled to the cylindrical shell, a movable projector inside the cylindrical shell to impact the center beam, and a cavity acoustically insulating the interior of the cylindrical shell from the exterior of the cylindrical shell. An acoustic logging tool for making measurements of a substrate surrounding a borehole with a body insertable in the borehole is also provided. The body includes an acoustic detector and a dipole source as above, along the axial length. The acoustic logging tool may include a control unit to process data collected from the acoustic detector and obtain information about the substrate surrounding the borehole.

A procedure that integrates petrophysics and rock typing taken from vertical well measurements, 3D seismic elastic properties and seismic attributes, and geostatistical modeling to build a 3D reservoir model is provided. The 3D reservoir model may be directly incorporated into horizontal fracture model designs. The developed 3D reservoir model for a subsurface volume may be used in a fracture model to optimize fracturing designs and maximize well performance.

A procedure that integrates petrophysics and rock typing taken from vertical well measurements, 3D seismic elastic properties and seismic attributes, and geostatistical modeling to build a 3D reservoir model is provided. The 3D reservoir model may be directly incorporated into horizontal fracture model designs. The developed 3D reservoir model for a subsurface volume may be used in a fracture model to optimize fracturing designs and maximize well performance.

A method for detecting a structural abnormal area of a coal and rock mass is provided. The method includes acquiring a target velocity inversion map of the coal and rock mass in a target detection cycle, in which the target velocity inversion map is configured to indicate a target velocity of seismic wave propagation in each of grid cells in a target detection area, acquiring a first velocity of seismic wave propagation in any one of the grid cells in at least one detection cycle preceding the target detection cycle, determining, according to each of the first velocities and the target velocities, structural abnormal cells from each of the grid cells, and determining, according to the structural abnormal cells, a range of the structural abnormal area of the coal and rock mass in the target detection cycle in the target velocity inversion map.

A method for detecting a structural abnormal area of a coal and rock mass is provided. The method includes acquiring a target velocity inversion map of the coal and rock mass in a target detection cycle, in which the target velocity inversion map is configured to indicate a target velocity of seismic wave propagation in each of grid cells in a target detection area, acquiring a first velocity of seismic wave propagation in any one of the grid cells in at least one detection cycle preceding the target detection cycle, determining, according to each of the first velocities and the target velocities, structural abnormal cells from each of the grid cells, and determining, according to the structural abnormal cells, a range of the structural abnormal area of the coal and rock mass in the target detection cycle in the target velocity inversion map.