Proppants having added functional properties are provided, as are methods that use the proppants to track and trace the characteristics of a fracture in a geologic formation. Information obtained by the methods can be used to design a fracturing job, to increase conductivity in the fracture, and to enhance oil and gas recovery from the geologic formation. The functionalized proppants can be detected by a variety of methods utilizing, for example, an airborne magnetometer survey, ground penetrating radar, a high resolution accelerometer, a geophone, nuclear magnetic resonance, ultra-sound, impedance measurements, piezoelectric activity, radioactivity, and the like. Methods of mapping a subterranean formation are also provided and use the functionalized proppants to detect characteristics of the formation.

Proppants having added functional properties are provided, as are methods that use the proppants to track and trace the characteristics of a fracture in a geologic formation. Information obtained by the methods can be used to design a fracturing job, to increase conductivity in the fracture, and to enhance oil and gas recovery from the geologic formation. The functionalized proppants can be detected by a variety of methods utilizing, for example, an airborne magnetometer survey, ground penetrating radar, a high resolution accelerometer, a geophone, nuclear magnetic resonance, ultra-sound, impedance measurements, piezoelectric activity, radioactivity, and the like. Methods of mapping a subterranean formation are also provided and use the functionalized proppants to detect characteristics of the formation.

This disclosure may relate to a system and method for calculating the mud angle from a downhole device. A method for estimating a mud angle may comprise: disposing a downhole tool into a borehole; extending an arm of the downhole tool to a first location, wherein a pad is disposed on the arm; taking a first impedance measurement with at least one button electrode, wherein the button electrode is disposed in a button array, wherein the button array is disposed on the pad; extending the arm to a second location; taking a second impedance measurement with the at least one button electrode; transmitting the first measurement and the second measurement to an information handling system; and estimating the mud angle from the first impedance measurement and the second impedance measurement with an information handling system.

This disclosure may relate to a system and method for calculating the mud angle from a downhole device. A method for estimating a mud angle may comprise: disposing a downhole tool into a borehole; extending an arm of the downhole tool to a first location, wherein a pad is disposed on the arm; taking a first impedance measurement with at least one button electrode, wherein the button electrode is disposed in a button array, wherein the button array is disposed on the pad; extending the arm to a second location; taking a second impedance measurement with the at least one button electrode; transmitting the first measurement and the second measurement to an information handling system; and estimating the mud angle from the first impedance measurement and the second impedance measurement with an information handling system.

A carrier device is provided for temporary installation downhole in a well. The carrier device is a robust device that is divided by a pressure bulkhead into a first section having an inductive coupler, power electronics, and a telemetry unit, typically all formed using multi-chip-module type electronics, and a second section with at least one test device typically using printed circuit board technology that may include sensors or transducers coupled to a communications bus and/or a power line that extends to the first section via the pressure bulkhead. The carrier further includes a mechanism that permits the carrier to be pulled out of the wellbore, and may include a mechanical locating element, typically adjacent the inductive coupler that permits the carrier to be located in the wellbore so that the inductive coupler will be located adjacent an inductive coupler in, on, or behind a liner or casing of the wellbore.

A carrier device is provided for temporary installation downhole in a well. The carrier device is a robust device that is divided by a pressure bulkhead into a first section having an inductive coupler, power electronics, and a telemetry unit, typically all formed using multi-chip-module type electronics, and a second section with at least one test device typically using printed circuit board technology that may include sensors or transducers coupled to a communications bus and/or a power line that extends to the first section via the pressure bulkhead. The carrier further includes a mechanism that permits the carrier to be pulled out of the wellbore, and may include a mechanical locating element, typically adjacent the inductive coupler that permits the carrier to be located in the wellbore so that the inductive coupler will be located adjacent an inductive coupler in, on, or behind a liner or casing of the wellbore.

An imaging tool that includes an array of pads. The array of pads are in communication with a hot terminal of a single phase electrical alternating current power source in communication with the array of pads. The single phase electrical alternating current power source includes two return electrodes. One of the return electrodes is located above the array of pads, and the other return terminal is located below the array of pads.

An imaging tool that includes an array of pads. The array of pads are in communication with a hot terminal of a single phase electrical alternating current power source in communication with the array of pads. The single phase electrical alternating current power source includes two return electrodes. One of the return electrodes is located above the array of pads, and the other return terminal is located below the array of pads.

A method is disclosed for generating an areal map of a pre-determined hydrocarbon liquid property of a subsurface kerogen-containing source rock from an electromagnetic resistivity profile. Preferably, the profile is generated by a transient EM method such as a long-offset transient electromagnetic (LOTEM) method. In some embodiments, the areal map is generated by employing resistivity-hydrocarbon liquid-quality relationship data describing a relationship between (i) a property of hydrocarbon liquid generated within the source rock pore space to (ii) an electrical resistivity of the source rock. In some embodiments, it is possible to acquire such data even in the absence of source rock samples where the hydrocarbon liquids within the samples has been preserved. The areal map is useful for determining a target location and/or depth in the source rock to drill for oil. The presently-disclosed techniques are particularly relevant to tight oil formations.

A method is disclosed for generating an areal map of a pre-determined hydrocarbon liquid property of a subsurface kerogen-containing source rock from an electromagnetic resistivity profile. Preferably, the profile is generated by a transient EM method such as a long-offset transient electromagnetic (LOTEM) method. In some embodiments, the areal map is generated by employing resistivity-hydrocarbon liquid-quality relationship data describing a relationship between (i) a property of hydrocarbon liquid generated within the source rock pore space to (ii) an electrical resistivity of the source rock. In some embodiments, it is possible to acquire such data even in the absence of source rock samples where the hydrocarbon liquids within the samples has been preserved. The areal map is useful for determining a target location and/or depth in the source rock to drill for oil. The presently-disclosed techniques are particularly relevant to tight oil formations.