An optical waveguide-forming composition: 100 parts by mass of a reactive silicone compound (a) composed of a polycondensate of a diarylsilicic acid compound A of Formula [1]

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Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.2 are a phenyl, naphthyl or a biphenyl group optionally substituted, and an alkoxy silicon compound B of Formula [2]

Ar.sup.3Si(OR.sup.1).sub.aR.sup.2.sub.3-a[2]

Ar.sup.3 is a phenyl, naphthyl or biphenyl group having at least one group having a polymerizable double bond, R.sup.1 is methyl or ethyl group, R.sup.2 is methyl, ethyl, or vinylphenyl group, and a is 2 or 3, and 1 part by mass to 200 parts by mass of a di(meth)acrylate compound (b) of Formula [3].

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R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are a hydrogen atom or methyl group, R.sup.5 is a hydrogen atom, methyl group, or ethyl group, L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 are an alkylene group, and m and n are 0 or a positive integer, wherein m+n is 0 to 20.

The present invention relates to the field of single-mode optical fibers and discloses a bending-insensitive, radiation-resistant single-mode optical fiber, sequentially including from inside to outside: a core, inner claddings, and an outer cladding, all made from a quartz material. The inner claddings comprise, from inside to outside, a first fluorine-doped inner cladding and a second fluorine-doped inner cladding. The core and the first fluorine-doped inner cladding are not doped with germanium. The respective concentrations of other metal impurities and phosphorus are less than 0.1 ppm. By mass percent, the core has a fluorine dopant content of 0-0.45% and a chlorine content of 0.01-0.10%; the first fluorine-doped inner cladding has a fluorine concentration of 1.00-1.55%; and the second fluorine-doped inner cladding has a fluorine concentration of 3.03-5.00%.

A composition which can resolve the conflicting relationship between patternability, film formability, and high refractive index required for an optical waveguide-forming composition, and which can satisfy these requirements. The optical waveguide-forming composition including: a fluorene skeleton-containing epoxy compound (A) of the following Formula [1]:

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(in Formula [1], L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 are each independently a naphthalenediyl group possibly having a substituent; and m and n are each independently an integer of 0 to 10); a monofunctional or bifunctional alicyclic epoxy compound (B); a monofunctional or bifunctional aromatic epoxy compound (C) different from the compound (A); and a photoacid generator (D), and an optical waveguide including a cured product of the optical waveguide-forming composition.

A device for applying radiation to a target is provided. The device includes a radiation emitter to emit electromagnetic radiation having a peak emission wavelength in the range from 10 nm-1 mm, and a first reflector that extends in a length direction with a concave cross section. The first reflector defines a cavity area having a perimeter, and includes an inward facing reflective border for at least 50% of the perimeter of the cavity area. Radiation is provided to the cavity area with an intensity distribution I and a maximum intensity I.sub.max. The cavity area includes a focal area defined by all points at which a normalized intensity I/I.sub.max is greater than 0.2. A width of the focal area is 0.0001-0.5 times a width of the cavity area.

Various surgical devices having integrated means of illuminating a surgical field are provided. Retractors, cannulas, suction devices and the like are disclosed having integrated optical waveguides coupleable to external lighting sources. The waveguides feature cladding layers configured to enhance transmission efficiency.

Disclosed herein is a composition comprising 65 to 95 weight percent of a fluorinated monofunctional monomer; 5 to 35 weight percent of a fluorinated multifunctional monomer; and 0.5 to 3 weight percent of a silane coupling agent; where all weight percents are based on the total weight of the composition; where the fluorinated monofunctional monomer and the fluorinated multifunctional monomer are devoid of any trifunctional fluorocarbon moieties when they have 6 or more fluorocarbon repeat units; where the fluorocarbon repeat units are CF.sub.2 or CF moieties; and where a crosslinked composition has a shore D hardness of 56 to 85 and has a refractive index (RI) that meets the limitation of the equation RI1.368+10.8/X, where X denotes wavelength in nanometers.

A resin optical waveguide containing a core, an under cladding and an over cladding having refractive indices lower than that of the core, in which the resin optical waveguide has, at one end side of, a core-exposed section at which the over cladding is not present and the core and the under cladding nearby the core are exposed and, of the under cladding, a portion corresponding to the core-exposed section has a first layer and a second layer that satisfy a certain condition.

A light device using a light cylinder is disclosed. The light device includes a cover, a light source section combined with at least part of an inside surface of the cover and configured to output a light, and a light cylinder configured to include one entrance part and a plurality of output parts. The entrance part is combined with the light source section, and the light incident through the entrance part is outputted through the output parts.

A light device using a light cylinder is disclosed. The light device includes a cover, a light source section combined with at least part of an inside surface of the cover and configured to output a light, and a light cylinder configured to include one entrance part and a plurality of output parts. The entrance part is combined with the light source section, and the light incident through the entrance part is outputted through the output parts.

The material stack of the present disclosure can be used for fabricating optical waveguides that are thin and flexible, and that can bend light around small turns. The stack of materials can include a polymer core and a cladding, which together can create a large difference in refractive index. As a result, light can remain within the core even when bent around radii where standard glass fibers could fail.