A PDAF imaging system includes an image sensor and an image data processing unit. The image sensor has an asymmetric-microlens PDAF detector that includes: (a) a plurality of pixels forming a sub-array having at least two rows and two columns, and (b) a microlens located above each of the plurality of pixels and being rotationally asymmetric about an axis perpendicular to the sub-array. The axis intersects a local extremum of a top surface of the microlens. The image data processing unit is capable of receiving electrical signals from each of the plurality of pixels and generating a PDAF signal from the received electrical signals. A method for forming a gull-wing microlens includes forming, on a substrate, a plate having a hole therein. The method also includes reflowing the plate.

A microlens array substrate (200) and a preparation method therefor, and a display device. The microlens array substrate (200) comprises: a base; a microlens film layer disposed on a side of the base and comprising at least one microlens array, the microlens array comprises a plurality of microlenses and a spacer portion between adjacent microlenses; a barrier layer disposed on a side of the microlens film layer away from the base, an orthographic projection of at least part of the barrier layer on the base is overlapped with an orthographic projection of the microlenses on the base; a light shielding layer disposed on a side of the microlens film layer away from the base and comprising at least one light shielding pattern, an orthographic projection of the at least one light shielding pattern on the base is overlapped with an orthographic projection of the spacer portion on the base.

A method of forming a device, the method including depositing a first photoresist layer over a substrate, forming an array of seed lenses by patterning and reflowing the first photoresist layer, a dimension of the array of seed lenses varying across the substrate, forming a second photoresist layer over the array of seed lenses, and forming a microlens array by patterning and reflowing the second photoresist layer.

Various embodiments include a display panel with integrated micro lens array. The display panel typically includes an array of pixel light sources (e.g., LEDs) electrically coupled to corresponding pixel driver circuits (e.g., FETs). The array of micro lenses are aligned to the pixel light sources and positioned to reduce the divergence of light produced by the pixel light sources. The display panel may also include an integrated optical spacer to maintain the positioning between the micro lenses and pixel driver circuits.

The present invention provides new hybrid materials (30) comprising titanate nanoparticles (1), surfactants (2) and a polymeric matrix (3) as defined in the claims. The hybrid materials have superior optical properties and may be in the form of a thin film or in the form of micro lenses. The invention further provides for intermediate goods and devices comprising such hybrid materials, and for starting materials to obtain such hybrid materials. The invention also provides for processes of manufacturing said starting materials, said hybrid materials, said intermediate goods, for the use of said starting materials, said hybrid materials, and said intermediate goods.

An optical element includes a three-dimensional structure having a curved surface; and a retardation plate bent along the curved surface. The retardation plate includes a transparent substrate and a liquid crystal layer formed over the transparent substrate. The retardation plate has a slow axis and a fast axis. A glass-transition temperature, Tgne, in a slow axis direction of the retardation plate is higher than a glass-transition temperature, Tgno, in a fast axis direction of the retardation plate.

The present invention describes methods and apparatuses for creating superposition shape images by superposed base and revealing layers of lenslet gratings. The superposition shape images form a message recognizable by a human observer or by an image acquisition and computing device such as a smartphone. The superposition shape images may be created by different superposition techniques ranging from 1D moir, 2D moir and level-line moir superposition techniques to lenticular image and phase shift superposition techniques. Moir superposition techniques enable creating superposition shape images at different apparent depth levels. Applications comprise the protection of documents and valuable articles against counterfeits, the creation of eye-catching advertisements as well as the decoration of buildings and exhibitions.

A manufacturing method of an electro-optic device substrate, including forming a concave portion, which corresponds to a pixel, by etching a first surface of a light transmitting substrate, forming a lens layer including a micro lens formed by filling the concave portion with a lens material having a refractive index greater than that of the substrate, flattening a second surface of the lens layer opposite to a surface in which the microlens is formed, forming a light shielding film that surrounds a display area, in which the pixel is arranged, on the flattened second surface, and forming a light transmitting path layer that covers the second surface on which the light shielding film is formed.

An optical system includes a plurality of lenses. The plurality of lenses have refractive index distributions in which a refractive index changes in directions orthogonal to optical axes. The optical axes of the plurality of lenses are disposed on the same straight line as each other. The plurality of lenses are manufactured on the basis of same design values relating to an on-axis refractive index and a refractive index distribution constant. When rotation positions around the optical axes of the plurality of lenses at which a total aberration amount of the plurality of lenses reaches a maximum are set as reference rotation positions for the plurality of lenses, any one of the plurality of lenses is arranged at a position acquired by relatively rotating the reference rotation position around the optical axis.

A wafer-scale apparatus and method is described for the automation of forming, aligning and attaching two-dimensional arrays of microoptic elements on semiconductor and other image display devices, backplanes, optoelectronic boards, and integrated optical systems. In an ordered fabrication sequence, a mold plate comprised of optically designed cavities is formed by reactive ion etching or alternative processes, optionally coated with a release material layer and filled with optically specified materials by an automated fluid-injection and defect-inspection subsystem. Optical alignment fiducials guide the disclosed transfer and attachment processes to achieve specified tolerances between the microoptic elements and corresponding optoelectronic devices and circuits. The present invention applies to spectral filters, waveguides, fiber-optic mode-transformers, diffraction gratings, refractive lenses, diffractive lens/Fresnel zone plates, reflectors, and to combinations of elements and devices, including microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and liquid crystal device (LCD) matrices for adaptive, tunable elements. Preparation of interfacial layer properties and attachment process embodiments are taught.