An integrated optical sensor includes a substrate, an optical module layer and micro lenses. The substrate has sensing pixels. The optical module layer is disposed on the substrate. The micro lenses are disposed on the optical module layer. A thickness of the optical module layer defines a focal length of the micro lenses, and the sensing pixels sense object light of an object, which is focused by the micro lenses and optically processed by the optical module layer. The optical module layer includes a metal light shielding layer and an inter-metal dielectric layer disposed above the metal light shielding layer. The object light reaches the sensing pixels through apertures of the metal light shielding layer. A method of manufacturing the integrated optical sensor is also provided.

Image quality of an imaging element having a configuration in which pixels having color filters are arranged two-dimensionally is prevented from being lowered. An imaging element includes a plurality of pixels and incident light attenuation sections. The pixel includes a color filter transmitting incident light having a predetermined wavelength, and a photoelectric conversion section that produces an electric charge according to the light transmitted through the color filter. The incident light attenuation section is disposed between the color filters of the adjacent pixels, is configured to be different in surface height from the color filters, and attenuates light not transmitted through the color filter but incident on the photoelectric conversion section of the pixel where the color filter is disposed.

An optical system includes a plurality of lenses. The plurality of lenses have refractive index distributions in which a refractive index changes in directions orthogonal to optical axes. The optical axes of the plurality of lenses are disposed on the same straight line as each other. The plurality of lenses are manufactured on the basis of same design values relating to an on-axis refractive index and a refractive index distribution constant. When rotation positions around the optical axes of the plurality of lenses at which a total aberration amount of the plurality of lenses reaches a maximum are set as reference rotation positions for the plurality of lenses, any one of the plurality of lenses is arranged at a position acquired by relatively rotating the reference rotation position around the optical axis.

An image display device includes: a plurality of micro light emitting elements arranged in an array shape; a driving circuit substrate including a driving circuit that supplies electric current to the plurality of micro light emitting elements and that causes the plurality of micro light emitting elements to emit light; a plurality of micro lenses in contact with light emitting surfaces of the plurality of micro light emitting elements; and a plurality of partition walls disposed around the plurality of micro lenses in a direction parallel to the light emitting surfaces.

A device or system includes a light source, an optical waveguide, and a light director. The light source emits illumination light. The optical waveguide includes a light input coupler. The light director receive the illumination light and generates shaped light. The light director adjusts the tilt angle and/or the divergence angle of the illumination light.

Described herein are embodiments of a diffractive optical element (23) such as a grism. In one embodiment, the diffractive optical element (23) includes an input surface (31) configured to receive an input optical signal (29), a diffractive surface (33) adapted to spatially disperse the input optical beam (29) into a dispersed signal and an output surface (35) configured to output the dispersed signal from the diffractive optical element. The input surface (31) and the diffractive surface (33) are non-parallel and the diffractive surface (33) is formed in situ by a photolithographic technique.

Embodiments comprise a system created through fabricating a lens array through which lasers are emitted. The lens array may be fabricated in the semiconductor substrate used for fabricating the lasers or may be a separate substrate of other transparent material that would be aligned to the lasers. In some embodiments, more lenses may be produced than will eventually be used by the lasers. The inner portion of the substrate may be formed with the lenses that will be used for emitting lasers, and the outer portion of the substrate may be formed with lenses that will not be used for emitting lasers—rather, through etching these additional lenses, the inner lenses may be created with a higher quality.

Described herein are embodiments of a diffractive optical element (23) such as a grism. In one embodiment, the diffractive optical element (23) includes an input surface (31) configured to receive an input optical signal (29), a diffractive surface (33) adapted to spatially disperse the input optical beam (29) into a dispersed signal and an output surface (35) configured to output the dispersed signal from the diffractive optical element. The input surface (31) and the diffractive surface (33) are non-parallel and the diffractive surface (33) is formed in situ by a photolithographic technique.

According to one embodiment, a method for manufacturing a microlens array includes forming a first resin layer, exposing the first resin layer through a photomask, developing the first resin layer to form a vacant space of the first resin layer, melting the first resin layer to form a first microlens, forming a second resin layer over the first microlens and the vacant space, exposing the second resin layer in a state where a light shielding portion faces the vacant space and a light transmissive portion faces the first microlens, developing the second resin layer, and melting the second resin layer to form a second microlens in contact with the first microlens.

A device or system includes a light source, an optical waveguide, and a light director. The light source emits illumination light. The optical waveguide includes a light input coupler. The light director receive the illumination light and generates shaped light. The light director adjusts the tilt angle and/or the divergence angle of the illumination light.