An apparatus for measuring spectral components of Raman-scattered light emitted by target. The apparatus includes: pulsed laser light source to emit light; probe optics to direct light towards target and to collect light scattered by target; optical spectrometer including: input divider to divide collected light into first and second light beams; first spectrograph including input apertures for receiving said light beams and optical disperser to disperse said light beams; second spectrograph comprising input apertures and output apertures; and spatial light modulator to receive dispersed first and second light beams and to selectively provide at least part of at least one of dispersed first and second light beams to input aperture of second spectrograph which reverses dispersion of light beam and focuses light beam to output aperture; detector element to measure spectral components of light beam exiting output aperture. Optical spectrometer further includes delay line(s) line for delaying light beam(s).

Systems and methods for a multi-primary color system for display. A multi-primary color system increases the number of primary colors available in a color system and color system equipment. Increasing the number of primary colors reduces metameric errors from viewer to viewer. One embodiment of the multi-primary color system includes Red, Green, Blue, Cyan, Yellow, and Magenta primaries. The systems of the present invention maintain compatibility with existing color systems and equipment and provide systems for backwards compatibility with older color systems.

A film thickness measuring apparatus includes a light irradiation unit configured to irradiate an object with light in a planar shape, an optical element having a transmittance and a reflectance changing according to wavelengths in a predetermined wavelength range, the optical element being configured to separate light from the object by transmitting and reflecting the light, an imaging unit configured to photograph light separated by the optical element, and an analysis unit configured to estimate a film thickness of the object based on a signal from the imaging unit photographing light, in which the light irradiation unit emits light having a wavelength included in the predetermined wavelength range of the optical element.

Examples relate to a microscope, and to an apparatus, method and computer program for a microscope. The microscope comprises a light emission module for providing illumination for a sample of organic tissue in a plurality of wavelength bands. The microscope comprises one or more imaging sensor modules configured to independently sense light in a plurality of mutually separated wavelength bands of the plurality of wavelength bands. The microscope comprises a processing module configured to control the light emission module such, that in a first operating mode light in a first subset of the plurality of wavelength bands is emitted towards the sample of organic tissue, and that in a second operating mode light in a second subset of the plurality of wavelength bands is emitted towards the sample of organic tissue. The first and second subset of wavelength bands are at least partially different. The processing module is configured to use the one or more imaging sensor modules to perform reflectance imaging and fluorescence imaging in each of the plurality of mutually separated wavelength bands based on the light emitted in the first and second operating modes.

A micro-pulse LiDAR and a method for detecting water vapor, temperature, and pressure of the atmosphere are provided. The micro-pulse LiDAR includes a first transmitter, a second transmitter, a third transmitter, an optical path transmission module, a water vapor channel detection module, a pressure channel detection module, a temperature channel detection module, a multi-channel data accumulator, a processing device, and a pulse generator. The method for detecting the water vapor, the temperature, and the pressure of the atmosphere comprises: chopping, via the processing device, multi-wavelength continuous lasers emitted by the transmitters to obtain multi-wavelength pulsed lasers; transmitting the multi-wavelength pulsed lasers according to established optical paths, and comprehensively detecting the water vapor, the temperature, and the pressure of the atmosphere, so that the three parameters can be input conditions for each other in an inversion process, which improves an iteration speed and inversion accuracy.

The present invention includes systems and methods for a multi-primary color system for display. A multi-primary color system increases the number of primary colors available in a color system and color system equipment. Increasing the number of primary colors reduces metameric errors from viewer to viewer. One embodiment of the multi-primary color system includes Red, Green, Blue, Cyan, Yellow, and Magenta primaries. The systems of the present invention maintain compatibility with existing color systems and equipment and provide systems for backwards compatibility with older color systems.

A light source apparatus can avoid double-counting of particles in a flow cytometer for measuring and analyzing a plurality of particles flowing in a flow cell. A light source apparatus for a flow cytometer includes a semiconductor laser for emitting a laser beam, a collimating lens for collimating the laser beam emitted from the semiconductor laser in a spread light state, a first beam conversion unit composed of prisms and a second beam conversion unit composed of prisms for matching a flow cell length direction with a slow axis direction of the collimated laser beam in a flow cell after reducing the beam diameter in a fast axis direction and increasing the beam diameter in the slow axis direction, and a focusing lens for focusing the laser beam passed through these beam conversion units in the flow cell.

An imaging system includes a light source configured to generate a light beam. The system also includes first and second light guiding optical elements having respective first and second entry portions, and configured to propagate at least respective first and second portions of the light beam by total internal reflection. The system further includes a light distributor having a light distributor entry portion, a first exit portion, and a second exit portion. The light distributor is configured to direct the first and second portions of the light beam toward the first and second entry portions, respectively. The light distributor entry portion and the first exit portion are aligned along a first axis. The light distributor entry portion and the second exit portion are aligned along a second axis different from the first axis.

An illumination system, including a first light source for providing a first beam; a second light source for providing a second beam; a wavelength conversion element having a reflection region and a conversion region, wherein the reflection region is for reflecting the first beam and the conversion region is for converting the first beam into a third beam; a first light splitting element for allowing the second beam to pass; a second light splitting element for reflecting the first beam penetrated by the first light splitting element and allowing the second beam to pass, wherein the first light splitting element is disposed between the wavelength conversion element and the second light splitting element; and a light homogenizing element for receiving the first beam, the second beam, and the third beam, and generating an illumination beam, is provided. A projection apparatus including the illumination system is also provided.

Hardware and control software for use in the field of digital imaging and spectroscopy. More particularly, a hardware and software system that simultaneously measures electromagnetic energy as quantities of photons in distinct wavelength regions across the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectrum. The system records the measurements as digital data and employs a processor (preferably a programmable processor) that executes processing steps to enhance the spatial and spectral fidelity of the recorded signals. More specifically, the electro-optical sensor hardware is engineered to maximize the light collection efficiency, especially for low light intensities, by using multiple detectors, each of which is optimized individually to maximize its sensitivity to specific wavelength regions of interest. The detector system also employs a variable amplification process that is dependent on the signal intensity so that low signals can be increased for better detection while high signals are amplified less to stay within the dynamic range of the optical sensor that is used to convert the analog signal to a digital value. Solutions to existing problems of low light detection are provided as are new capabilities for data collection and analysis in previously undetectable low signal regimes. The systems and methods are applicable to a broad array of imaging applications in diverse fields from biomedical imaging to astronomy and remote sensing.