A method of microscopy comprises collecting an emission light; symmetrically dispersing the collected emission light into a first order (“1.sup.st”) light and a negative first order (“−1.sup.st”) light using a grating; wherein the 1.sup.st light comprises spectral information and the −1.sup.st light comprises spectral information; capturing the 1.sup.st light and the −1.sup.st light using a camera, localizing the one or more light-emitting materials using localization information determined from both the first spectral image and the second spectral image; and determining spectral information from the one or more light-emitting materials using the first spectral image and/or the second spectral image; wherein the steps of localizing and obtaining are performed simultaneously. A spectrometer for a microscope comprises a dual-wedge prism (“DWP”) for receiving and spectrally dispersing a light beam, wherein the DWP comprises a first dispersive optical device and a second dispersive optical device adhered to each other.

An illuminator includes first and second light emitters outputting first and second lights, a wavelength converter having first and second surfaces, a first optical element reflecting one of the set of the first light and the second light and a third light and transmits the other, a first focusing system between the light emitters and first optical element and having positive power, and a second focusing system between the first optical element and wavelength converter. The second focusing system has a focal point between the second focusing system principal point and wavelength converter second surface, and

D1/C1<B1/A1≤1   (1)

where C1 represents the lengthwise size of each light exiting surface, D1 the widthwise size of each light exiting surface, A1 the lengthwise size of a luminous flux cross section including the first and second lights, and B1 the widthwise size of the cross section therebetween.

A light source apparatus includes a red LD array that emits light in a red bandwidth, a blue LD array that emits light in a blue bandwidth, and a light combining part that includes a transmissive region and a reflecting region, the transmissive region transmitting the light emitted from the red LD array therethrough, the reflecting region reflecting the light emitted from the blue LD array.

A compact size light engine apparatus is disclosed, comprising at least a wedged dichroic mirror or a dichroic X-plate/cube to combine multiple RGB LEDs, and a folded light path assembly with a folding mirror or a right-angle prism for a miniaturized light engine system. Furthermore, the compact size light engine apparatus may comprise at least a long red wavelength light source with peak wavelength over 630 nm. A 2-channel/3-channel/4-channel compact size light engine configuration is disclosed that comprise at least one red light source, one blue light source, and one green light source, combined by a wedged dichroic mirror or a dichroic X-plate/cube into co-axis light path without Etendue increase and illuminate digital mirror device (DMD) micro-display and afterwards project the image from the micro-display onto the screen through projection lens.

A laser projector includes a laser light source, a first dichroic mirror, a second dichroic mirror, three light valves and a beam combining module. The laser light source is used to generate a composite polarized beam. The first dichroic mirror is used to receive the composite polarized beam, and separate the composite polarized beam into a first color beam and a relay beam. The second dichroic mirror is used to receive the relay beam, and separate the relay beam into a second color beam and a third color beam. The three light valves are used to modulate the three color beams into three light beams. The beam combining module is used to combine the three light beams to form a multi-color image.

A light source apparatus according to an aspect of the present disclosure includes a first light source section, a second light source section, a first polarization separator, a second polarization separator that reflects part of second light and transmits the other part of the second light, a first phase retarder which is disposed between the first polarization separator and the second polarization separator and on which the part of the second light reflected off the second polarization separator is incident, a wavelength conversion layer that converts the first light and the part of the second light into third light having a second wavelength band and outputs the third light toward the first polarization separator, and a first light focusing optical system disposed between the wavelength conversion layer and the first polarization separator. The wavelength conversion layer has a first surface via which the third light exits and a second surface that intersects with the first surface. The first light is focused by the first light focusing optical system and enters the wavelength conversion layer at least via the second surface thereof, and the second light enters the wavelength conversion layer via the first surface thereof.

Systems and methods for a multi-primary color system for display. A multi-primary color system increases the number of primary colors available in a color system and color system equipment. Increasing the number of primary colors reduces metameric errors from viewer to viewer. One embodiment of the multi-primary color system includes Red, Green, Blue, Cyan, Yellow, and Magenta primaries. The systems of the present invention maintain compatibility with existing color systems and equipment and provide systems for backwards compatibility with older color systems.

A system for measuring (200) a sample (2) by deflectometry comprising: a source (10) for generating a light beam in a source plane (105); an illumination module (19) for forming an illumination beam (9) comprising: a first converging optical element (18); a first selection optical element (16) with a first aperture (160); reflective matrix optical modulation means (30) to form a pattern (7), said first aperture (160) being configured to control the angles of said illumination beam (9) on said reflective matrix optical modulation means (30); a Schlieren lens (20) for obtaining an angle-intensity encoding of said pattern (7) on the sample (2); imaging (40) and detecting means (50) for detecting an image of said sample (2).

A multi-lens array according to the present disclosure includes a substrate part, a first multi-lens surface which includes a plurality of first lens surfaces, and which is provided to the substrate part, a light transmissive layer provided to the substrate part, and an antireflection layer disposed on the light transmissive layer, wherein the antireflection layer is higher in thermal conductivity than the light transmissive layer.

Head-mounted virtual and augmented reality display systems include a light projector with one or more emissive micro-displays having a first resolution and a pixel pitch. The projector outputs light forming frames of virtual content having at least a portion associated with a second resolution greater than the first resolution. The projector outputs light forming a first subframe of the rendered frame at the first resolution, and parts of the projector are shifted using actuators, such that physical positions of light output for individual pixels occupy gaps between the old locations of light output for individual pixels. The projector then outputs light forming a second subframe of the rendered frame. The first and second subframes are outputted within the flicker fusion threshold. Advantageously, an emissive micro-display (e.g., micro-LED display) having a low resolution can form a frame having a higher resolution by using the same light emitters to function as multiple pixels of that frame.