Various embodiments provide for the implementation of volumetric diffractive optics equivalent functionality via cascaded planar elements. To illustrate the principle, a design 3D diffractive optics and implement a two-layer continuous phase-only design on a single spatial light modulator (SLM) with a folded system. The system provides dynamic and efficient multiplexing capability. Numerical and experimental results show this approach improves system performance such as diffraction efficiency, spatial/spectral selectivity, and number of multiplexing functions relative to 2D devices while providing dynamic large space-bandwidth relative to current static volume diffractive optics. The limitations and capabilities of dynamic 3D diffractive optics are discussed.

The techniques disclosed herein may be utilized to detect, measure, and/or compensate for misalignments of a display that may occur after manufacturing. A Talbot sensor is described that includes a diffraction device and an image sensor. Captured images from the image sensor include pixel data values that include bright and dark spots that represent a diffraction pattern associated with the Talbot sensor. A demodulator multiplies the pixel data values with sine and cosine reference images to generate averaged in-phase and quadrature values, which can be used to determine a phase angle for incident light on the Talbot sensor. Phase angle changes over time indicate changes in the alignment of the display, which may be corrected by display parameter manipulation. The resulting devices, systems and methods provide for portable solutions, with reduced cost of manufacturing, reduced part costs, and reduced complexity.

[Problem to be Solved] There are provided an optical system having good imaging performance, an optical apparatus, and a method for manufacturing the optical system. [Solution] An optical system OL used in an optical apparatus, such as a camera 1, includes a diffractive optical element GD and at least one specific lens Lp, which is a lens made of crystalline glass. The specific lens Lp satisfies the condition expressed by the following expression: θgFp+0.0017×νdp<0.730, where θgFp represents partial dispersion ratio of a medium of the specific lens Lp, and νdp represents the Abbe number of the medium of the specific lens Lp at a d line.

A display device of the present disclosure includes, along an optical path of imaging light emitted from an imaging light generation device, a first optical portion having a positive power, a second optical portion including a first diffraction element and having a positive power, a third optical portion having a positive power, and a fourth optical portion including a second diffraction element and having a positive power. In the optical path, the first diffraction element and the second diffraction element diffract the imaging light at least along a primary diffraction plane and a secondary diffraction plane orthogonal to the primary diffraction plane, and a deflection force of the imaging light in the primary diffraction plane is greater than a deflection force of the imaging light in the secondary diffraction plane.

A display system includes an optical device configured according to constructive interference for a plurality of wavelengths at a focal length. The display system includes a fiber. The display system includes a controller configured to scan the fiber using a Lissajous scanning method to generate a display. The display can be disposed within a focal plane of the optical device. The controller is configured to modulate light intensity from the fiber. The controller can be configured to form a display image that passes through the optical device. The display system can include an optical combiner configured to reflect the display image from the optical device and form a virtual image. The optical device can be configured to magnify a display image from the display and form a virtual image.

A display device of the present disclosure includes, along an optical path of imaging light emitted from an imaging light generation device, a first optical portion having a positive power, a second optical portion including a first diffraction element and having a positive power, a third optical portion having a positive power, and a fourth optical portion including a second diffraction element and having a positive power. In the optical path, the first diffraction element and the second diffraction element diffract the imaging light at least along a primary diffraction plane and a secondary diffraction plane orthogonal to the primary diffraction plane, and a deflection force of the imaging light in the primary diffraction plane is greater than a deflection force of the imaging light in the secondary diffraction plane.

A display device of the present disclosure includes, along an optical path of imaging light emitted from an imaging light generation device, a first optical portion having a positive power, a second optical portion including a first diffraction element and having a positive power, a third optical portion having a positive power, and a fourth optical portion including a second diffraction element and having a positive power. In the optical path, the first diffraction element and the second diffraction element diffract the imaging light at least along a primary diffraction plane and a secondary diffraction plane orthogonal to the primary diffraction plane, and a deflection force of the imaging light in the primary diffraction plane is greater than a deflection force of the imaging light in the secondary diffraction plane.

A lens system for infrared (IR) imaging, including a molded first lens element and an aberration correction second lens element. The first lens element is made of chalcogenide glass and has a first and second surface, one of the first and second surfaces of the first lens element being a diffractive surface. The second lens element has a first and second surface, one of the first and second surfaces being a planar surface and neither of the first and second surfaces being a diffractive surface. The second lens element is of a different material than the second lens element.

A lens for headlamps of vehicles provided with a diffraction grating on a surface, wherein a phase function of the diffraction grating is represented by $\varphi \left(r\right)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{.Math.}}{\beta }_{2i}{r}^{2i}$
where r represents distance from the central axis of the lens, and the relationship
|β.sub.2|.Math.(0.3R).sup.2<|β.sub.4|.Math.(0.3R).sup.4
is satisfied where R represents effective radius of the lens, and wherein a second derivative of the phase function has at least one extreme value and at least one point of inflection where r is greater than 30% of R, a difference in spherical aberration between the maximum value and the minimum value at any value of r in
0≤r≤R
is equal to or less than the longitudinal chromatic aberration for visible light, the diffraction grating is at least partially on the surface where r is greater than 30%, and the relationship $1<.Math.\frac{\varphi \left(R\right)}{R^2}.Math.<10$
is satisfied.

Provided is a focusing device that includes a substrate and a plurality of scatterers provided at both sides of the substrate. The scatterers on the both sides of the focusing device may correct geometric aberration, and thus, a field of view (FOV) of the focusing device may be widened.