A monolithically integrated optical analog-to-digital conversion system based on a lithium niobate-silicon wafer, and a method for manufacturing the same, wherein a novel wafer (lithium niobate-silicon wafer) is used to implement the monolithically integrated optical analog-to-digital conversion system having multiple photonic devices, including an electro-optical modulator array, a tunable delay line array, an electronic circuit, and the like. As a result, multiple devices are manufactured on one chip, and the performance advantages and the stability of the system are guaranteed. Moreover, the present invention provides a CMOS-compatible method for manufacturing the system, so that the monolithically integrated optical analog-to-digital conversion system based on the lithium niobate-silicon wafer can be implemented on platforms of most chip manufacturers.

Apparatuses and methods are disclosed for applying laser energy having desired pulse characteristics, including a sufficiently short duration and/or a sufficiently high energy for the photomechanical treatment of skin pigmentations and pigmented lesions, both naturally-occurring (e.g., birthmarks), as well as artificial (e.g., tattoos). The laser energy may be generated with an apparatus having a resonator with the capability of switching between a modelocked pulse operating mode and an amplification operating mode. The operating modes are carried out through the application of a time-dependent bias voltage, having waveforms as described herein, to an electro-optical device (e.g., a Pockels cell) positioned along the optical axis of the resonator.

An optical waveguide device includes a substrate on which an optical waveguide is formed, and a reinforcing block disposed on the substrate, along an end surface of the substrate on which an input portion or an output portion of the optical waveguide is disposed, in which an optical component that is joined to both the end surface of the substrate and an end surface of the reinforcing block is provided, a material used for a joining surface of the optical component and a material used for the substrate or the reinforcing block have at least different linear expansion coefficients of a direction parallel to the joining surface, and an area of the joining surface is set to be smaller than a maximum value of a total of areas of cross sections of the substrate and the reinforcing block parallel to the joining surface.

A pulsed laser device includes a laser light source, an electro-optic modulator, a laser light source driver, an electro-optic modulator driver, and a controller to control the laser light source driver and the electro-optic modulator driver. The laser light source outputs pulsed laser light pulse-modulated by the laser light source driver. The electro-optic modulator outputs pulsed laser light obtained by causing the electro-optic modulator driver to pulse-modulate the pulsed laser light from the laser light source. The control unit controls the laser light source driver and the electro-optic modulator driver such that the electro-optic modulator turns on at least while the laser light source is on and the electro-optic modulator turns on at least once while the laser light source is off, thereby increasing a duty ratio of the pulse modulation for the electro-optic modulator relative to a duty ratio of the pulse modulation for the laser light source.

An electrically-tunable optical filter has an optical cavity that forms an absorption peak in light that is incident on the filter. The optical cavity includes a layer composed of a material with a high electro-optic coefficient so that the index of refraction of the layer changes in response to a voltage applied by a controller. By adjusting the voltage, the controller can control the index of refraction so that an absorption peak of the filter can be tuned as may be desired without having to alter the physical structure of the filter.

The disclosure relates to a panel comprising a first conductive layer that is transparent, a second conductive layer that is transparent, and a refractive-index-variable layer between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer. A refractive index of the variable-refractive-index layer varies with a voltage applied between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer.

A photonic computing system, preferably including an input module, a computation module, and/or control module. The photonic computing system can include one or more optical filter banks, such as in the computation module and/or any other suitable modules. Each optical filter bank preferably includes a plurality of photonic bandgap phase modulators. Each photonic bandgap phase modulator preferably includes a set of photonic crystal segments. The photonic crystal segments can preferably be controlled to transition light propagation between two or more photonic bands.

Apparatuses and methods are disclosed for applying laser energy having desired pulse characteristics, including a sufficiently short duration and/or a sufficiently high energy for the photomechanical treatment of skin pigmentations and pigmented lesions, both naturally-occurring (e.g., birthmarks), as well as artificial (e.g., tattoos). The laser energy may be generated with an apparatus having a resonator with the capability of switching between a modelocked pulse operating mode and an amplification operating mode. The operating modes are carried out through the application of a time-dependent bias voltage, having waveforms as described herein, to an electro-optical device (e.g., a Pockels cell) positioned along the optical axis of the resonator.

A reflective spatial light modulator includes a perovskite-type electro-optic crystal having a relative permittivity of 1,000 or higher, a light input and output unit disposed on an input surface of the electro-optic crystal and including a first electrode through which input light is transmitted, a light reflecting unit including a plurality of second electrodes disposed on a rear surface of the electro-optic crystal and reflects the input light toward the light input and output unit, a drive circuit including a plurality of drive electrodes respectively corresponding to the plurality of second electrodes and for applying an electric field to a part between the first electrode and the second electrode by inputting an electrical signal to each of the plurality of drive electrodes, and a plurality of bumps which are disposed such that the plurality of second electrodes and the plurality of drive electrodes are electrically connected to each other.

An electro-optic modulator includes a doped semiconductor crystal having a crystallographic surface having an amplitude modulation orientation, a first metal electrode located on a first surface of the doped semiconductor crystal, a second metal electrode located on a second surface of the doped semiconductor crystal, and accumulation space charge regions located within surface regions of the doped semiconductor crystal that are proximal to the first metal electrode and the second metal electrode and including excess charge carriers of a same type as majority charge carriers of the doped semiconductor crystal.