A metasurface may include a substrate layer and a two-dimensional array of metallic optical pillars arranged in rows and columns. A tunable dielectric material with a tunable refractive index is positioned between row-adjacent optical resonators. A two-dimensional active-matrix driver includes integrated driver routing layer(s), capacitor layer(s), and/or transistor layer(s). The driver routing layers enable row and column addressing of the two-dimensional array of metallic pillars via a row conductor for each row of metallic pillars and a column conductor for each column of metallic pillars. A transistor layer includes transistor devices connected to and configured to be selectively driven by the row and column conductors. The capacitor layer includes a plurality of storage capacitors. Each metallic pillar is connected in parallel to one of the storage capacitors in the capacitor layer and one of the transistor devices in the transistor layer.

Disclosed herein are techniques for dynamically forming an optical component that automatically aligns with and changes positions with a scanning light beam to modify the wave front of the scanning light beam, such as collimating the scanning light beam. More specifically, a patterning beam that aligns with the scanning light beam may be scanned together with the scanning light beam to form the self-aligning and travelling optical component in an electro-optic material layer that is connected in serial with a photoconductive material layer to a voltage source, where the patterning beam optically modulates the impedance of the photoconductive material layer and therefore an electric field within the electro-optic material layer, the modulated electric field causing localized changes of refractive index in the electro-optic material layer to form the self-aligning and travelling optical component.

A light emission module includes: a light guide including emission sides disposed facing each other, a first and second side connecting the emission sides, a third side connecting the first and second side; a light source unit including a first and second light source corresponding to the first and third side respectively, and a light source substrate supporting the first and second light source and including a first and second portion supporting the first and second light source respectively, the second portion inclined at a first angle with respect to the first portion, the second light source emits a light incident on the third side comprising a first and second orientation angle edge light, the former inclined at a second angle and refracted to propagate in a path adjacent to the second side, and then refracted adjacent to the second side, the first angle smaller than the third angle.

Disclosed herein are techniques for dynamically forming an optical component that automatically aligns with and changes positions with a scanning light beam to modify the wave front of the scanning light beam, such as collimating the scanning light beam. More specifically, a patterning beam that aligns with the scanning light beam may be scanned together with the scanning light beam to form the self-aligning and travelling optical component in an electro-optic material layer that is connected in serial with a photoconductive material layer to a voltage source, where the patterning beam optically modulates the impedance of the photoconductive material layer and therefore an electric field within the electro-optic material layer, the modulated electric field causing localized changes of refractive index in the electro-optic material layer to form the self-aligning and travelling optical component.

A light emission module includes: a light guide including emission sides disposed facing each other, a first and second side connecting the emission sides, a third side connecting the first and second side; a light source unit including a first and second light source corresponding to the first and third side respectively, and a light source substrate supporting the first and second light source and including a first and second portion supporting the first and second light source respectively, the second portion inclined at a first angle with respect to the first portion, the second light source emits a light incident on the third side comprising a first and second orientation angle edge light, the former inclined at a second angle and refracted to propagate in a path adjacent to the second side, and then refracted adjacent to the second side, the first angle smaller than the third angle.

An electro-optical element includes a substrate, and an optical functional layer formed on a main surface of the substrate, in which the optical functional layer includes an optical-input-side optical waveguide configured to guide light emitted from a light source, an optical branch part configured to branch the optical-input-side optical waveguide into two optical-modulation optical waveguides, a Mach-Zehnder optical modulation part configured to modulate light guided through the two optical-modulation optical waveguides, an optical coupling and branch part configured to branch the two optical-modulation optical waveguides configured to guide modulated light modulated by the Mach-Zehnder optical modulation part into one monitoring optical waveguide and a plurality of optical-output-side optical waveguides, and an optical coupling part configured to make the plurality of optical-output-side optical waveguides as one optical-output optical waveguide.

We describe methods and devices for manipulating optical signals. A method of manipulating an optical signal comprises providing a device (100) comprising a layer (106) of blue phase liquid crystal in the path of the optical signal; and applying a dynamically varying spatial pattern of voltages across the layer (106) of blue phase liquid crystal, thereby causing the refractive index of the layer (106) of blue phase liquid crystal to vary according the dynamically varying spatial pattern.