Embodiments may relate to a transmission line to be coupled with an electromagnetic waveguide. The transmission line may include a signal node with a first contact, a second contact, and a via between first contact and the second contact. The transmission line may further include a ground node with a third contact, a fourth contact, and a via between the third contact and the fourth contact. Other embodiments may be described or claimed.

An image signal line driver circuit includes first to third source drivers and fourth to sixth source drivers, which are respectively cascade-connected. The output duration of data signals that are provide to these source drivers is increasingly short on the source drivers that are connected further downstream (that is, the amount of pixel data to be output to the next stage is increasingly small). This reduces the power consumption and heat generation of the overall device. Moreover, the phases of the data signals are shifted, thereby reducing EMI. In this way, when a plurality of image signal line driver circuits are cascade-connected, heat generation and power consumption in each driver circuit and/or EMI therebetween is reduced.

Embodiments may relate to a transmission line to be coupled with an electromagnetic waveguide. The transmission line may include a signal node with a first contact, a second contact, and a via between first contact and the second contact. The transmission line may further include a ground node with a third contact, a fourth contact, and a via between the third contact and the fourth contact. Other embodiments may be described or claimed.

An optical device includes: an electro-optical element; a connector for input and output of an electric signal; a relay substrate electrically connecting the connector and the optical element; a pair of support parts supporting the relay substrate; and a housing accommodating the optical element, the relay substrate, and the pair of support parts, in which the optical element includes a substrate having an optical waveguide formed therein, and a modulation electrode formed on a surface of the substrate, the relay substrate includes a dielectric substrate, and a signal electrode and a ground electrode provided on one principal surface of the dielectric substrate, the signal electrode and the ground electrode are electrically connected to the modulation electrode and the connector, the support parts clamps the relay substrate, and an air gap is formed between the other principal surface of the relay substrate and an inner bottom surface of the housing.

An optical device includes: an electro-optical element; a connector for input and output of an electric signal; a relay substrate electrically connecting the connector and the optical element; a pair of support parts supporting the relay substrate; and a housing accommodating the optical element, the relay substrate, and the pair of support parts, in which the optical element includes a substrate having an optical waveguide formed therein, and a modulation electrode formed on a surface of the substrate, the relay substrate includes a dielectric substrate, and a signal electrode and a ground electrode provided on one principal surface of the dielectric substrate, the signal electrode and the ground electrode are electrically connected to the modulation electrode and the connector, the support parts clamps the relay substrate, and an air gap is formed between the other principal surface of the relay substrate and an inner bottom surface of the housing.

Provided is an optical modulator in which even in a case where an optical waveguide and a control electrode are highly integrated, a distortion due to stress acting on the optical waveguide from lead-out wiring of a signal electrode is mitigated and occurrence of a temperature drift or the like is suppressed. An optical modulator includes: a substrate 1 having an electro-optic effect; optical waveguides (L1 to L4), each of which is formed on the substrate and provided with at least one Mach-Zehnder type optical waveguide; and a control electrode which controls light waves propagating through the optical waveguides, in which the control electrode is configured of signal electrodes (S1 and S2) and ground electrodes (G1 to G3), each of the signal electrodes being provided with a pad part (S1P or S2P) for input or output, which is electrically connected to an electric circuit which is provided outside the substrate, an interaction part (indicated by arrow R1) which applies an electric field to the optical waveguide, and a lead-out wiring part which connects the pad part and the interaction part to each other, a portion of the lead-out wiring part is disposed parallel to an extended direction (a lateral direction in FIG. 3) of the Mach-Zehnder type optical waveguide within a range (indicated by arrow R2) in which two branching waveguides configuring the Mach-Zehnder type optical waveguide are present in the extended direction, and any one of a portion of the interaction part, another portion of the lead-out wiring part, and a stress relaxation structure of the ground electrode is formed at a position which is axially symmetrical to the portion of the lead-out wiring part with respect to a centrosymmetric axis in the extended direction of the Mach-Zehnder type optical waveguide.

An electronic light synthesizer electronically synthesizes supercontinuum light and includes: a microwave modulator that: receives a continuous wave light including an optical frequency; modulates the continuous wave light at a microwave repetition frequency; and produces a frequency comb modulated at the microwave repetition frequency; a self-phase modulator that: receives the frequency comb; spectrally broadens an optical wavelength range of the frequency comb; and produces broadened light modulated at the microwave repetition frequency; an optical filter that: receives the broadened light from the self-phase modulator; and optically filters electronic noise in the broadened light; and a supercontinuum generator that: receives the broadened light from the optical filter; spectrally broadens the optical wavelength range of the broadened light; and produces supercontinuum light modulated at the microwave repetition frequency.

Provided is an optical modulator in which even in a case where an optical waveguide and a control electrode are highly integrated, a distortion due to stress acting on the optical waveguide from lead-out wiring of a signal electrode is mitigated and occurrence of a temperature drift or the like is suppressed. An optical modulator includes: a substrate 1 having an electro-optic effect; optical waveguides (L1 to L4), each of which is formed on the substrate and provided with at least one Mach-Zehnder type optical waveguide; and a control electrode which controls light waves propagating through the optical waveguides, in which the control electrode is configured of signal electrodes (S1 and S2) and ground electrodes (G1 to G3), each of the signal electrodes being provided with a pad part (S1P or S2P) for input or output, which is electrically connected to an electric circuit which is provided outside the substrate, an interaction part (indicated by arrow R1) which applies an electric field to the optical waveguide, and a lead-out wiring part which connects the pad part and the interaction part to each other, a portion of the lead-out wiring part is disposed parallel to an extended direction (a lateral direction in FIG. 3) of the Mach-Zehnder type optical waveguide within a range (indicated by arrow R2) in which two branching waveguides configuring the Mach-Zehnder type optical waveguide are present in the extended direction, and any one of a portion of the interaction part, another portion of the lead-out wiring part, and a stress relaxation structure of the ground electrode is formed at a position which is axially symmetrical to the portion of the lead-out wiring part with respect to a centrosymmetric axis in the extended direction of the Mach-Zehnder type optical waveguide.

Aspects and examples are directed to programmable optical finite impulse response filters and optical infinite impulse response filters, which may be implemented as photonic integrated circuits.

An optical module includes an optical modulator that includes a cutout portion and a first terminal projecting to the inside of the cutout portion, and is configured to perform optical modulation by using an electrical signal input to the first terminal; a driver, at least a part of the driver being housed inside the cutout portion, that is configured to generate an electrical signal; an electrode pattern that extends from the driver inside the cutout portion, and is configured to transmit the electrical signal generated by the driver; and a flexible board having flexibility, one end of the flexible board being electrically connected with the first terminal inside the cutout portion, another end of the flexible board extending in the direction away from the driver, the flexible board being connected with the electrode pattern and configured to input the electrical signal transmitted by the electrode pattern to the first terminal.