An electrochromic device includes a chamber defined by a substantially transparent first substrate, a second substrate, and a sealing member; wherein: the first substrate comprises a first surface, and a second surface comprising a first substantially transparent, electrically conductive coating and disposed opposite to the first surface; the second substrate comprising a first surface comprising a second substantially transparent, electrically conductive coating, and a second surface disposed opposite to the first surface; the second surface of the first substrate and the first surface of the second substrate being located proximally to each other and having a substantially uniform spacing of distance, d, between them; and 0 m<d65 m; an electrochromic medium comprising a cathodic component, an anodic component, and a solvent; and insoluble spacing objects within the chamber, the insoluble spacing objects having a largest dimension that is greater than 0, but less than or equal to d.

A variety of methods for integrating an organic photovoltaic-based SolarWindow module and electrochromic materials to create dynamic, variable transmittance, energy-saving windows and/or window films are described. Stand-alone or building integrated, independent or user-controllable, battery supported or building integrated, and insulated glass unit or aftermarket film implementations are all described, providing for a diversity of applications. Low-cost fabrication options also allow for economical production.

A variety of methods for integrating an organic photovoltaic-based SolarWindow module and electrochromic materials to create dynamic, variable transmittance, energy-saving windows and/or window films are described. Stand-alone or building integrated, independent or user-controllable, battery supported or building integrated, and insulated glass unit or aftermarket film implementations are all described, providing for a diversity of applications. Low-cost fabrication options also allow for economical production.

Provided is an electrochromic element, which is capable of correcting possible charge imbalance, and is suppressed in color remaining, the electrochromic element including: a first electrode; a second electrode; a third electrode; and an electrolyte, an anodic organic electrochromic compound, and a cathodic redox substance that are arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode, at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode being transparent, in which: the third electrode is electrically connectable to at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode through the electrolyte; the third electrode further has a redox substance; and a reduced form of the redox substance of the third electrode is more easily oxidized than a reduced form of the anodic organic electrochromic compound.

Provided is an electrochromic element, including a first electrode, a second electrode, a carrier, and an electrolyte, and an anodic organic electrochromic compound and a cathodic redox substance that are arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode, at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode being transparent, in which: the electrolyte, and the anodic organic electrochromic compound and the cathodic redox substance are mixed; the electrolyte is in contact with the first electrode, the second electrode, and the carrier; the carrier has a redox substance; the reduced form of the redox substance of the carrier is more easily oxidized than the reduced form of the anodic organic electrochromic compound.

A complimentary polymer or dual-polymer electrochromic device and methods of preparing the same are provided.

An organic compound, a light modulating composition and a light modulating device are provided. The organic compound has a chemical structure represented by formula (I):

XArX (I) wherein X is

##STR00001##

Ar is

##STR00002##

The organic compound is transparent in its neutral state. The amide group or imide group introduced into the aromatic amine not only enhances the solubility of the organic compound in the solvent, but also enhances the electrochemical stability of the organic compound.

A variety of methods for integrating an organic photovoltaic-based SolarWindow module and electrochromic materials to create dynamic, variable transmittance, energy-saving windows and/or window films are described. Stand-alone or building integrated, independent or user-controllable, battery supported or building integrated, and insulated glass unit or aftermarket film implementations are all described, providing for a diversity of applications. Low-cost fabrication options also allow for economical production.

The present invention provides an organic compound to be used in an electrochromic device. The organic compound has excellent oxidation-reduction repeating characteristics and shows high transparency in the bleached state without showing light absorption in the visible light region. The organic compound has a structure represented by Formula [1] according to claim 1. In Formula [1], A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 represent substituents, and at least one of A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 is an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or an optionally substituted aryl group. R.sub.1 represents a substituent, X represents an electrochromic portion, and n is an integer of 1 to 3.

A complimentary polymer or dual-polymer electrochromic device and methods of preparing the same are provided.