The present disclosure includes an effective optical region within a transmittance variable region, and sets the transmittance variable region and the effective optical region so that a shortest distances from a periphery of the transmittance variable region to a periphery of the effective optical region, d1 and d2, are 7.5% or more and 25% or less of a length of the transmittance variable region on a straight line including the shortest distances, L1, in a vertical direction.

An electrochromic device includes a light transmissive first substrate, a working electrode disposed on the first substrate, a light transmissive second substrate facing the first substrate, a counter electrode disposed on the second substrate, and a lithium-rich anti-perovskite (LiRAP) material disposed between the first and second substrates. The LiRAP material includes an ionically conductive and electrically insulating LiRAP material.

An apparatus can include an electrochromic device. When using the apparatus, the electrochromic device can be switched from a first transmission state to a continuously graded state and maintained at continuously graded transmission state. An apparatus can include an active stack with a first transparent conductive layer, a second transparent conductive layer, an anodic electrochemical layer between the first and the second transparent conductive layers, and a cathodic electrochemical layer between the first and the second transparent conductive layers. The apparatus can further include a first bus bar electrically coupled to the first transparent conductive layer, a second bus bar electrically coupled to the second transparent conductive layer, where the second bus bar is generally non-parallel to the first bus bar, and a third bus bar electrically coupled to the first transparent conductive layer, where the third bus bar is generally parallel to the first bus bar.

An electro-optic element includes a first substrate defining first and second surfaces and a second substrate defining third and fourth surfaces. A first electrically conductive layer is disposed on the second surface and a second electrically conductive layer is disposed on the third surface. An electrochromic medium is disposed in a cavity between the first and second substrates, the electrochromic medium including an anodic component and a cathodic component. At least the anodic component is configured to reversibly attenuate transmittance of light having a wavelength within a predetermined wavelength range when in an electrochemically activated state. The anodic component includes a substituted ketal phenazine compound.

In an electrochromic element including a pair of electrodes and an electrochromic layer disposed between the pair of electrodes, a shape of a light modulating region viewed from a normal direction of the electrode being circular, when a sheet resistance of the electrode is r.sub.s (Ω), a resistance of the electrode is r (Ω), a diameter of the light modulating region is L [m], a distance between the pair of electrodes is d (m), the resistivity of the electrochromic layer is ρ (Ω), and a resistance of the electrochromic layer is R (Ω), a resistance ratio (r/R) between the electrode and the electrochromic layer, as shown by r/R=(r.sub.sL.sup.2)/(ρd), is 2 or more and 20 or less.

An electrochromic device includes a light transmissive first substrate, a working electrode disposed on the first substrate, a light transmissive second substrate facing the first substrate, a counter electrode disposed on the second substrate, and a lithium-rich anti-perovskite (LiRAP) material disposed between the first and second substrates. The LiRAP material includes an ionically conductive and electrically insulating LiRAP material.

The embodiments relate to an electrochromic device having excellent elongation and tensile strength while achieving an excellent light transmission variable function based on the electrochromic principle. The electrochromic device comprises a light transmission variable structure interposed between a first base layer and a second base layer, wherein the light transmission variable structure comprises a first chromic layer and a second chromic layer, an electrolyte layer is interposed between the first chromic layer and the second chromic layer, and the elongation is 60% to 170%.

The embodiments relate to an electrochromic device having excellent elongation and tensile strength while achieving an excellent light transmission variable function based on the electrochromic principle. The electrochromic device comprises a light transmission variable structure interposed between a first base layer and a second base layer, wherein the light transmission variable structure comprises a first chromic layer and a second chromic layer, an electrolyte layer is interposed between the first chromic layer and the second chromic layer, and the elongation is 60% to 170%.

According to one embodiment, a display device includes a base substrate, a switching element including a semiconductor layer, a power supply line, a pixel electrode electrically connected to the switching element, a capacitance electrode positioned between the base substrate and the pixel electrode and electrically connected to the power supply line, a first interlayer insulating film positioned between the pixel electrode and the capacitance electrode, a common electrode, and an electrophoretic element positioned between the pixel electrode and the common electrode. An edge of the capacitance electrode overlaps the pixel electrode over the entire periphery thereof.

An electro-optic element includes a first substrate defining first and second surfaces and a second substrate defining third and fourth surfaces. A first electrically conductive layer is disposed on the second surface and a second electrically conductive layer is disposed on the third surface. An electrochromic medium is disposed in a cavity between the first and second substrates, the electrochromic medium including an anodic component and a cathodic component. At least the anodic component is configured to reversibly attenuate transmittance of light having a wavelength within a predetermined wavelength range when in an electrochemically activated state. The anodic component includes a substituted ketal phenazine compound.