Provided is an electrophotographic member in which the increase in tackiness is small even in an environment of high temperature and high humidity. The electrophotographic member includes an electroconductive substrate and a surface layer, the surface layer contains resin including at least one of a urethane bond and an amide bond, the resin includes a cationic structure and an anionic structure in a molecule, and also includes a particular main-chain structure with hydrophobicity.

An electrophotographic photoconductor in which a surface layer of a photosensitive layer or an overcoat layer has a glass transition temperature Tg greater than 100° C. and a hardness greater than 0.22 GPa. An electrophotographic cartridge and an electrophotographic imaging apparatus include the electrophotographic photoconductor. Flipping-over of a cleaning blade that comes into contact with the electrophotographic photoconductor may be effectively suppressed or prevented, the degree of freedom in terms of cleaning blade selection may be increased, and the possibility of causing high-frequency noise due to friction may be reduced.

An electrophotographic photoconductor, including a substrate of a cylindrical shape, an organic photosensitive layer formed on an outer peripheral surface of the substrate, and a two-dimensional code provided on the outer peripheral surface of the substrate between the substrate and the organic photosensitive layer, at at least one axial end of the substrate. The two-dimensional code encodes identification information, and is formed outside an image formation region of the electrophotographic photoconductor. The two-dimensional code includes a first part and a second part satisfying 15L120, wherein L1 is a difference between an L-value of the first part and that of the second part in a Lab color space. The outer peripheral surface of the substrate and the organic photosensitive layer satisfy L260, wherein L2 is a difference between an L-value of the outer peripheral surface of the substrate and an L-value of the organic photosensitive layer in the Lab color space.

An electrophotographic photoconductor, including a substrate of a cylindrical shape, an organic photosensitive layer formed on an outer peripheral surface of the substrate, and a two-dimensional code provided on the outer peripheral surface of the substrate between the substrate and the organic photosensitive layer, at at least one axial end of the substrate. The two-dimensional code encodes identification information, and is formed outside an image formation region of the electrophotographic photoconductor. The two-dimensional code includes a first part and a second part satisfying 15L120, wherein L1 is a difference between an L-value of the first part and that of the second part in a Lab color space. The outer peripheral surface of the substrate and the organic photosensitive layer satisfy L260, wherein L2 is a difference between an L-value of the outer peripheral surface of the substrate and an L-value of the organic photosensitive layer in the Lab color space.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes, in sequence, a support, a conductive layer, an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer. The conductive layer is a cured film, and the cured film contains titanium oxide particles doped with niobium. The undercoat layer contains a cured product of a composition that contains an electron transport material having a polymerizable functional group and a resin functionalized with a carboxylic acid derivative.

The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member that can simultaneously achieve the suppression of the occurrence of the black spot in a charged portion and the suppression of the deterioration in sensitivity of an exposed portion, even after stored in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment. An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an electro-conductive support, an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer in this order, wherein an atomic concentration ratio R of the oxygen atom to the aluminum atom on the surface of the electro-conductive support, as measured by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, satisfies the following Expression (1):

1.6R(1) and the undercoat layer includes a titanium oxide particle that is surface-treated with a particular silane compound.

The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member that can simultaneously achieve the suppression of the occurrence of the black spot in a charged portion and the suppression of the deterioration in sensitivity of an exposed portion, even after stored in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment. An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an electro-conductive support, an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer in this order, wherein an atomic concentration ratio R of the oxygen atom to the aluminum atom on the surface of the electro-conductive support, as measured by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, satisfies the following Expression (1):

1.6R(1) and the undercoat layer includes a titanium oxide particle that is surface-treated with a particular silane compound.

The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer in which an occurrence of the image deletion is suppressed; a process cartridge equipped with the electrophotographic photosensitive member; and an electrophotographic apparatus provided with the process cartridge. An electrophotographic photosensitive member has a surface layer that includes a copolymerized product of a composition including a metal oxide particle having a polymerizable functional group on a surface thereof and a polymerizable compound having a particular structure.

The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer in which an occurrence of the image deletion is suppressed; a process cartridge equipped with the electrophotographic photosensitive member; and an electrophotographic apparatus provided with the process cartridge. An electrophotographic photosensitive member has a surface layer that includes a copolymerized product of a composition including a metal oxide particle having a polymerizable functional group on a surface thereof and a polymerizable compound having a particular structure.

An image forming apparatus includes a photoreceptor photoreceptor having an outermost surface layer that contains polytetrafluoroethylene particles and a dispersant containing fluorine atoms and has a perfluorooctanoic acid content of 25 ppb or less relative to the polytetrafluoroethylene particles; and a transfer device that includes an intermediate transfer body having a surface onto which a toner image is transferred, a first transfer device that performs first transfer that involves transferring the toner image on the surface of the photoreceptor onto the surface of the intermediate transfer body, and a second transfer device that performs second transfer that involves transferring the toner image on the surface of the intermediate transfer body onto a surface of a recording medium, the second transfer device having a second transfer member having a surface with a hexadecane contact angle of 30 degrees or more.