An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer containing a charge transport portion including a first hole transport material represented by General Formula (1) below, a cured resin, and a cross-linked structure there between: ##STR00001## where Za is a polymerizable functional group with a Structural Formula (2), (3), or (4), Zb is a divalent group with a Structural Formula (6) or (7), Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd each are one of a branched or unbranched alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted styryl group, I is 0 or 1 when Za is (2) or (4) and 1 when Za is (3), m is from 0 to 5, n, o, and p are each from 0 to 4, q is from 1 to 3.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member, which has high abrasion resistance and is resistant to being deeply flawed. Specifically, provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a support and a surface layer formed on the support, wherein the surface layer comprises at least inorganic particles having pores in surfaces thereof, wherein at least a resin in the surface layer penetrates the pores, and wherein when vibration having a frequency of 0.5 Hz is applied to the surface layer at 28° C., the loss tangent tan δ of the dynamic viscoelasticity of the surface layer is from 0.005 to 0.05.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member, which has high abrasion resistance and is resistant to being deeply flawed. Specifically, provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a support and a surface layer formed on the support, wherein the surface layer comprises at least inorganic particles having pores in surfaces thereof, wherein at least a resin in the surface layer penetrates the pores, and wherein when vibration having a frequency of 0.5 Hz is applied to the surface layer at 28° C., the loss tangent tan δ of the dynamic viscoelasticity of the surface layer is from 0.005 to 0.05.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes: a support; an undercoat layer; a charge generation layer; and a charge transport layer, wherein the undercoat layer contains a polyamide resin and a titanium oxide fine particle, and on the surface of the undercoat layer, an arithmetic mean roughness Ra and an average length Rsm of a roughness curve element both according to JIS B0601:2001 satisfy Ra≤50 nm and 0.1≤Ra/Rsm≤0.5; and the charge generation layer contains a hydroxygallium phthalocyanine pigment, wherein the hydroxygallium phthalocyanine pigment includes crystal particles having a crystal form exhibiting peaks at 7.4°±0.3° and 28.2°±0.3° at Bragg angles 2θ in a spectrum of X-ray diffraction using a CuKα, ray; and in a size distribution of the crystal particles, which is measured using small-angle X-ray scattering, a peak exists in a range of 20 to 50 nm, and the peak has a half-value width of 50 nm or smaller.

Provided are an electrophotographic photoconductor being resistant to abrasion even in long-term use, having highly sensitive electric characteristics, being capable of maintaining a high retention rate, and being capable of providing a stable image without filming, a method of manufacturing the same, and an electrophotographic device. The photoconductor includes an electroconductive substrate (1), a charge generation layer (3), and a charge transport layer (4); the charge transport layer contains a hole transport material, a resin binder, an electron transport material, and an inorganic oxide; the charge generation layer contains a charge generation material; the masses of the hole transport material, the resin binder, the electron transport material, and the inorganic oxide in the charge transport layer respectively denoted by a to d satisfy 1.5≤b/a≤5.7, 0.005≤c/a≤0.35, 0.05≤d/a≤0.70, a≥c+d, and c/d≥0.01; the hole transport material contains a compound expressed by formula (A-1); and the charge generation material contains titanyl phthalocyanine having an exothermic peak at 251±5° C., a half-value width of the exothermic peak equal to or less than 15° C., and a heating value equal to or greater than 1.0 mJ/mg when a temperature rise condition is 20° C./min in differential scanning calorimetry, and having an X-ray diffraction peak at 27.2±0.3°. ##STR00001##

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and an at-least-one-layer photosensitive layer including a specific photosensitive layer. The specific photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a binder resin, an electron transport material, and a hole transport material. The binder resin includes a polyarylate resin. The polyarylate resin includes repeating units (1), (2), (3), and (4).

##STR00001##

A percentage of the number of repeats of the repeating unit (3) relative to a total number of repeats of the repeating units (1) and (3) is greater than 0% and less than 50%. A percentage of the number of repeats of the repeating unit (4) relative to a total number of repeats of the repeating units (2) and (4) is at least 35% and less than 70%. The electron transport material includes a compound represented by formula (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), (16), or (17):

##STR00002##

An image forming apparatus including an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support and a photosensitive layer, a charging unit that forms an electrostatic image on an outer surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, a developing unit that supplies a toner to the electrostatic image to form a toner image, and a transfer unit that transfers the toner image on a transfer medium. In this image forming apparatus, the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a binder resin (A) having a specific structure and silica particles, and the wax contains a specific monoester compound.

An electronic device includes: a support; a charge-transporting layer including a charge-transporting material, or a sensitizing-dye electrode layer including a sensitizing dye, where the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing-dye electrode layer is disposed on or above the support; and a metal oxide layer disposed on or above the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing-dye electrode layer. The metal oxide layer includes p-type semiconductor metal oxide and silica or metal oxide particles, and an amount of the silica or metal oxide particles included in the metal oxide layer is 0.5% by mass or greater but 1.5% by mass or less, relative to the metal oxide layer.

This electrophotographic photoreceptor includes at least a laminated photoreceptive layer, in which a charge generating layer and a charge transporting layer are laminated in this order on a conductive base. The charge transporting layer contains at least a charge transporting substance, a binder resin, and silica particles, and contains 0.1 ppm or more and 20 ppm or less of Na element and/or 0.01 ppm or more and 10 ppm or less of K element.

A polyarylate resin includes repeating units represented by formulas (1), (2), (3), and (4).

##STR00001##

A third percentage is greater than 0% and less than 50%. The third percentage is a percentage of the number of repeats of the repeating unit represented by formula (3) relative to the total of the number of repeats of the repeating unit represented by formula (1) and the number of repeats of the repeating unit represented by formula (3). A fourth percentage is at least 35% and less than 70%. The fourth percentage is a percentage of the number of repeats of the repeating unit represented by formula (4) relative to the total of the number of repeats of the repeating unit represented by formula (2) and the number of repeats of the repeating unit represented by formula (4).