An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; an undercoat layer that is disposed on the conductive substrate and contains metal titanate compound particles, an electron transporting compound, and a binder resin; and a photosensitive layer on the undercoat layer.

A photoconductor for electrophotography includes a base member; an anodic oxide coating provided on the base member and having a film thickness of 2 to 10 μm; an interlayer provided on the anodic oxide coating and containing a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin and having a film thickness of 0.02 to 0.3 μm; and a photosensitive layer including a charge transport layer formed on the interlayer and containing a charge transport material and a first resin binder, and a charge generation layer laminated on the charge transport layer and containing a charge generation material, a hole transport material, a first electron transport material that is a naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide compound, a second electron transport material that is an azoquinone compound, a diphenoquinone compound, or a stilbenequinone compound and that has a mobility of 17×10.sup.−8 cm.sup.2/V.Math.s or more, and a second resin binder.

An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member, a charger, a light exposure device, and a development device. The charger charges a circumferential surface of the image bearing member to a positive polarity. The light exposure device exposes the charged circumferential surface of the image bearing member to light to form an electrostatic latent image on the circumferential surface of the image bearing member. The development device supplies a toner to the electrostatic latent image through application of a developing bias. The developing bias is a voltage of an alternating current voltage superimposed on a direct current voltage. The alternating current voltage has a frequency of 4 kHz or higher and 10 kHz or lower. The image bearing member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer of a single layer. The image bearing member satisfies formula (1)

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}0.60\leqq \frac{V}{\left(Q/S\right)\times \left(d/{\mathrm{.Math.}}_r.Math.{\mathrm{.Math.}}_0\right)}& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member, a charger, a light exposure device, and a development device. The charger charges a circumferential surface of the image bearing member to a positive polarity. The light exposure device exposes the charged circumferential surface of the image bearing member to light to form an electrostatic latent image on the circumferential surface of the image bearing member. The development device supplies a toner to the electrostatic latent image through application of a developing bias. The developing bias is a voltage of an alternating current voltage superimposed on a direct current voltage. The alternating current voltage has a frequency of 4 kHz or higher and 10 kHz or lower. The image bearing member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer of a single layer. The image bearing member satisfies formula (1)

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}0.60\leqq \frac{V}{\left(Q/S\right)\times \left(d/{\mathrm{.Math.}}_r.Math.{\mathrm{.Math.}}_0\right)}& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

A compound is represented by general formula (1). In general formula (1), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group, and a sum of the number of carbon atoms of the chemical group represented by R.sup.1 and the number of carbon atoms of the chemical group represented by R.sup.2 is 2. R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 each represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group, and a sum of the number of carbon atoms of the chemical group represented by R.sup.3 and the number of carbon atoms of the chemical group represented by R.sup.1 is 2. A photosensitive layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member contains at least a charge generating material, a hole transport material, and a binder resin. The hole transport material includes a compound represented by general formula (1) ##STR00001##

An electrophotographic photoconductor includes a conductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive substrate and containing a charge generation material, a hole transport material, a first electron transport material, from 3% by mass to 40% by mass of a second electron transport material, a resin binder, and an inorganic oxide filler surface-treated with a silane coupling agent. In a dipole-dipole force component (a Hansen solubility parameter), the first electron transport material and the silane coupling agent have a difference of ΔSPa<2.50; the second electron transport material and the silane coupling agent have a difference of ΔSPb<2.50; and the first electron transport material and the second electron transport material have a difference of 0.30<ΔSPc<1.00. In a London dispersion force component (a Hansen solubility parameter), the resin binder and the silane coupling agent have a difference of ΔSPd<2.00.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a support, an undercoat layer placed on the support, a charge generation layer placed on the undercoat layer, and a charge transport layer placed on the charge generation layer. The undercoat layer contains titanium oxide particles surface-treated with an organosilicon compound that is at least one member selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formulas (1) to (8) and a polyamide resin. The charge generation layer contains hydroxygallium phthalocyanine.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, an intermediate layer, and a photosensitive layer in this order, wherein the intermediate layer comprises a tungsten oxide particle, and the tungsten oxide particle contains a tungsten atom, an oxygen atom, and a cesium atom.

An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member, a charger, a light exposure device, a development device, a transfer belt, a primary transfer device, a secondary transfer device, and a cleaning member. The cleaning member is pressed against a circumferential surface of the image bearing member and collects residual toner remaining on the circumferential surface of the image bearing member as a result of primary transfer of a toner. The transfer belt has a surface resistivity of at least 6 Log Ω and no greater than 11 Log Ω. A linear pressure of the cleaning member on the circumferential surface of the image bearing member is at least 10 N/m and no greater than 40 N/m. The image bearing member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer of a single layer. The image bearing member satisfies formula (1):

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}0.60\leqq \frac{V}{\left(Q/S\right)\times \left(d/{\mathrm{.Math.}}_r.Math.{\mathrm{.Math.}}_0\right)}& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

An electrophotographic photoreceptor, including a photosensitive layer formed on an electroconductive substrate. The photosensitive layer includes a charge-generating material and an electron-transporting material, and the electron-transporting material includes first and second electron-transporting materials. A difference in lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy between the first electron-transporting material and the charge-generating material is in a range from 1.0 to 1.5 eV, and a difference in LUMO energy between the second electron-transporting material and the charge-generating material is in a range from 0.6 to 0.9 eV. A ratio of mass of the second electron-transporting material to a total of mass of the first electron-transporting material and the mass of the second electron-transporting material is in a range from 3 to 40%.