An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes at least a photosensitive layer and a protective layer sequentially layered on a conductive support, wherein the protective layer contains a cured product of a curable composition containing p-type semiconductor fine particles, an n-type organic semiconductor, and a polymerizable compound.

A compound has a structure represented by the following formula (C1): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sub.a1, R.sub.a2, R.sub.a3, R.sub.a41, R.sub.a42, R.sub.a43, R.sub.a44, R.sub.a45, R.sub.a5, R.sub.a6, R.sub.a7, R.sub.a8, R.sub.a9, R.sub.a10, and R.sub.a11 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, an aralkyl group, an aryl group, a cyano group, a halogen atom, or a group obtained by combining two or more of the above groups, and a combination of R.sub.a1 and R.sub.a2, R.sub.a41 and R.sub.a42, R.sub.a42 and R.sub.a43, R.sub.a43 and R.sub.a44, R.sub.a44 and R.sub.a45, R.sub.a5 and R.sub.a6, R.sub.a8 and R.sub.a9, or R.sub.a10 and R.sub.a11 each independently may form a ring.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer, wherein an outermost layer contains a compound having a structure represented by general formula (I) below:

##STR00001## where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each independently represent a C.sub.1-12 alkyl group or a C.sub.5-12 cycloalkyl group; R.sub.3 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 alkoxyl group, a C.sub.6-20 aryl group or a heterocycle group; X and Z each represent a single bond or a C.sub.1-6 alkylene group which may be substituted; and Y represents a OCO group or COO group. A method for manufacturing the photoreceptor and an electrophotographic device including the photoreceptor are additionally provided. The electrophotographic photoreceptor provides sufficient stain resistance and is less affected by temperature and humidity environments while maintaining various advantageous characteristics of photoreceptors.

The electrophotographic photosensitive member has: a cylindrical support; a charge generating layer formed on the cylindrical support; and a charge transport layer formed on the charge generating layer, the charge generating layer contains a hydroxygallium phthalocyanine crystal having a particular CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction peak, a titanyl phthalocyanine crystal having a particular CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction peak or a chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal having a particular spectral absorption spectrum as a charge generating material, and in the charge generating layer, with respect to the film thickness of the charge generating layer, when a region from the central position of an image forming area to the end position of the image forming area is divided in the axial direction of the cylindrical support into five equal regions and the average film thickness of the charge generating layer in each region satisfies a specific condition.

An image forming apparatus includes an image holding member including a conductive substrate, a photosensitive layer, and a protection layer; a charging unit; an electrostatic image forming unit; a developing unit that includes an electrostatic image developer having a toner and develops the electrostatic image to form a toner image; a transfer unit that transfers the toner image onto a surface of a recording medium; a fixing unit that fixes the toner image; and a cleaning unit that includes a cleaning blade. The toner includes toner particles and silica particles having a number average particle size of 110 nm to 130 nm, a large-diameter-side number particle size distribution index (upper GSDp) of less than 1.080, and an average circularity of 0.94 to 0.98, wherein 80 number % or more of the silica particles have a circularity of 0.92 or more.

Shaping a photoconductive drum includes preparing a dispersion having a charge generation composition and dipping an elongated support element into the dispersion. Withdrawing from the dispersion portions of the support element at different speeds results in different thicknesses of charge generation composition on the support element. Faster withdrawal results in thicker charge generation composition than does slower withdrawal. Portions with thicker composition provide denser optical densities compared to thinner composition allowing tailoring the photoconductive drum to compensate for imperfect optical scanning systems. Coating the support element with a charge transport layer occurs next, then curing. Oxidation of the support element may occur prior to application of the charge generation composition. A protective overcoat may also exist over the charge transport layer.

The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising, on a conductive base: a charge generation layer; and a charge transport layer having a film thickness of 15 μm to 40 μm, wherein the charge transport layer is an outermost layer, and the charge transport layer contains an inorganic filler and a hydrocarbon compound represented by the following Formula (1).

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a single-layer type photosensitive layer including phthalocyanine or a derivative thereof and an electron transport material. The electron transport material includes at least one first compound represented by formula (1) or (2) shown below and at least one second compound represented by formula (3), (4), or (5) shown below. A total amount of the at least one first compound and the at least one second compound is no less than 60 parts by mass and no greater than 120 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. An amount of the at least one first compound is no less than 35 parts by mass and no greater than 80 parts by mass. An amount of the at least one second compound is no less than 25 parts by mass and no greater than 40 parts by mass. ##STR00001##

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a laminated body, the laminated body including a support, an undercoat layer, and a charge generating layer. The undercoat layer includes a polymerized product of a composition including an electron transport material represented by formula (1), a cross-linking agent, and a thermoplastic resin having a polymerizable functional group, the laminated body satisfying expressions (2) and (3)
Z.sup.1—X—Z.sup.2  (1)
0.20≦|Vd2−Vd1|≦2.0  (2)
τ≦10  (3)
in which Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are groups having electron transport property, X is a linker, Vd2 and Vd1 are surface potentials of the charge generating layer after charging and τ is transit time based on a change rate of the surface of the charge generating layer, each as defined in the specification.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer of a single layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a binder resin, a hole transport material, and an electron transport material. The binder resin includes a polyester resin and a polycarbonate resin. The polyester resin includes a first repeating unit represented by general formula (1) shown below and a second repeating unit represented by general formula (2) shown below. The polycarbonate resin includes a third repeating unit represented by general formula (3) shown below and a fourth repeating unit represented by general formula (24) shown below. ##STR00001##
A content percentage of the polyester resin in the photosensitive layer is at least 0.3% by mass and no greater than 7.0% by mass.