There is provided an electrophotographic member which suppresses scraping and contamination of a surface even in the durable use of multiple sheet printing under a high temperature environment. The electrophotographic member has an electroconductive substrate and a single elastic layer as a surface layer, the surface layer includes a binder resin and carbon black dispersed in the binder resin, the carbon black has a volatile content of 0.4% or more, the binder resin includes a crosslinked urethane resin and a crosslinked acrylic resin, and the surface layer has a first area in which the crosslinked urethane resin and the crosslinked acrylic resin form an interpenetrating polymer network structure, the first area being from an outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 0.1 m in the surface layer.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer is a single-layer photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, a binder resin, and an additive. The additive contains a carboxylic acid anhydride. A reduction potential of the carboxylic acid anhydride is at least 1.40 V versus a reference electrode (Ag/Ag.sup.+). The carboxylic acid anhydride is contained in an amount of at least 0.02 parts by mass and no greater than 10.00 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer is a single-layer photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, a binder resin, and an additive. The additive contains a carboxylic acid anhydride. A reduction potential of the carboxylic acid anhydride is at least 1.40 V versus a reference electrode (Ag/Ag.sup.+). The carboxylic acid anhydride is contained in an amount of at least 0.02 parts by mass and no greater than 10.00 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer is a single-layer photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, a binder resin, and an additive. The additive contains a carboxylic acid anhydride. A reduction potential of the carboxylic acid anhydride is at least 1.40 V versus a reference electrode (Ag/Ag.sup.+). The carboxylic acid anhydride is contained in an amount of at least 0.02 parts by mass and no greater than 10.00 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer provided directly or indirectly on the conductive substrate. The photosensitive layer includes a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer. The charge transport layer contains a binder resin, a hole transport material, and a phthalocyanine pigment. The binder resin includes a specific polyarylate resin. The specific polyarylate resin includes a first repeating unit represented by general formula (1), a second repeating unit represented by chemical formula (2), a third repeating unit represented by chemical formula (3), and a fourth repeating unit represented by chemical formula (4).

##STR00001##

In general formula (1), X represents a divalent group with a carbon number of 1 to 10. R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group with a carbon number of 1 to 6.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer provided directly or indirectly on the conductive substrate. The photosensitive layer includes a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer. The charge transport layer contains a binder resin, a hole transport material, and a phthalocyanine pigment. The binder resin includes a specific polyarylate resin. The specific polyarylate resin includes a first repeating unit represented by general formula (1), a second repeating unit represented by chemical formula (2), a third repeating unit represented by chemical formula (3), and a fourth repeating unit represented by chemical formula (4).

##STR00001##

In general formula (1), X represents a divalent group with a carbon number of 1 to 10. R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group with a carbon number of 1 to 6.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, a photosensitive layer, and a surface layer. The surface layer includes a cured product of a composition containing an organic salt having a polymerizable functional group, and at least one of a charge-transportable compound or electroconductive particles. The organic salt is formed of an organic cation and at least one of BF.sub.4.sup., PF.sub.6.sup., (CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.2N.sup., CF.sub.3SO.sub.3.sup., (FSO.sub.2)N.sup., C.sub.2H.sub.5OSO.sub.3.sup., (CN).sub.2N.sup., SCN.sup., CH.sub.3COO.sup., NO.sub.3.sup., Cl.sup., Br.sup. or I.sup..

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, a photosensitive layer, and a surface layer. The surface layer includes a cured product of a composition containing an organic salt having a polymerizable functional group, and at least one of a charge-transportable compound or electroconductive particles. The organic salt is formed of an organic cation and at least one of BF.sub.4.sup., PF.sub.6.sup., (CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.2N.sup., CF.sub.3SO.sub.3.sup., (FSO.sub.2)N.sup., C.sub.2H.sub.5OSO.sub.3.sup., (CN).sub.2N.sup., SCN.sup., CH.sub.3COO.sup., NO.sub.3.sup., Cl.sup., Br.sup. or I.sup..