Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member that can achieve both of abrasion resistance and the suppression of a ghost. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes: a support; an undercoat layer; a charge-generating layer; and a charge-transporting layer, the undercoat layer, the charge-generating layer, and the charge-transporting layer being arranged in the stated order on the support, wherein the charge-transporting layer includes a charge-transporting substance, and a polymer containing a structure represented by the following general formula (1) and a structure represented by the following general formula (2), wherein the charge-generating layer includes a phthalocyanine crystal and a binder resin, and wherein the undercoat layer includes strontium titanate particles and a binder resin.

##STR00001##

The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member that can suppress a black spot and an exposure memory. The electrophotographic photosensitive member has a support, an undercoat layer and a photosensitive layer having a mono-layer structure in this order, wherein the undercoat layer contains a binder resin and strontium titanate particles; and the photosensitive layer having a mono-layer structure contains a binder resin, a charge generation material, a hole transport material and an electron transport material.

An electrophotographic photoconductor includes, in sequence, a support member; an undercoating layer containing a binder resin and an inorganic particle; and a photosensitive layer, wherein the binder resin of the undercoating layer is an alkyd-melamine resin, and the inorganic particle of the undercoating layer contains a strontium titanate particle.

Provided are an electrophotographic photosensitive member excellent in suppression of the occurrence of a photomemory, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each including the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes in this order: an electroconductive support; an undercoat layer; and a photosensitive layer, wherein the undercoat layer contains strontium titanate particles and a binder resin, and the photosensitive layer contains a butanediol adduct of titanyl phthalocyanine.

An electrophotographic photoconductor includes, in sequence, a support, an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer containing a charge generation material and a first binder resin, and a charge transport layer containing a charge transport material and a second binder resin. The charge generation material in the charge generation layer is chlorogallium phthalocyanine having diffraction peaks at Bragg angles (20.2) of 7.4, 16.6, 25.5, and 28.3 in an X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by using Cu K- radiation. The undercoat layer contains strontium titanate particles and a third binder resin.

The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an undercoat layer and a surface layer on or above a support in this order, in which the undercoat layer contains metal oxide particles and a specific binder resin, the surface layer contains a charge transporting substance, fluororesin particles, and a specific binder resin, an arithmetic average roughness Ra of a surface of the undercoat layer is 0.15 m or less, a refractive index (a) of the metal oxide particles and a refractive index (b) of the binder resin contained in the undercoat layer satisfy a specific relationship, and a refractive index (c) of the binder resin contained in the surface layer and a refractive index (d) of the fluororesin particles satisfy a specific relationship.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, an undercoat layer, a photosensitive layer, and a surface layer, the undercoat layer containing a binder resin and strontium titanate particles, the surface layer being a cured film of a composition containing at least one compound selected from a guanamine compound and a melamine compound, and a charge transport material having at least one substituent selected from OH, OCH.sub.3, NH.sub.2, SH, and COOH.

An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor including a conductive substrate, an undercoat layer containing a binder resin and metal oxide particles, disposed on the conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer disposed on the undercoat layer; a charging unit that charges a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor; an electrostatic latent image-forming unit forming an electrostatic latent image on the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor; a developing unit developing the electrostatic latent image on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor by using a developer containing a toner to form a toner image; and a transfer unit that transfers the toner image onto a surface of a transfer-receiving member, but not including a charge erasing member that erases charges on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor. The photosensitive layer formed is 3.8% or more and 17% or less to a carbon element abundance determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

Described herein is a photoreceptor and a method of making metal oxide particles having hygroscopic polymers attached to a surface of the metal oxide particles. The photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and an undercoat layer disposed on the conductive substrate. The undercoat layer includes metal oxide particles having hygroscopic polymers attached to a surface of the metal oxide particles. The undercoat layer includes a binder resin. A photosensitive layer is disposed on the undercoat layer.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate having a surface, an undercoat layer disposed on the surface of the conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer on the undercoat layer. A maximum height waviness of a waviness profile of the surface of the conductive substrate on which the undercoat layer is disposed is 1.4 m or less, and the undercoat layer contains a binder resin and has a thickness non-uniformity of 0.4 m or less.