The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer that is excellent in dispersibility of a fluorine atom-containing resin particle and suppresses a potential fluctuation at the time of repeated use. The electrophotographic photosensitive member having the surface layer, wherein the surface layer includes the fluorine atom-containing resin particle, a binder material, and a polymer A having a specific structural unit.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a cylindrical substrate; and a surface layer located on an outer surface of the cylindrical substrate. At least a substrate central portion in a cylindrical axial direction of the outer surface of the cylindrical substrate is formed as a rough surface, and a surface roughness of a surface-layer central portion in the cylindrical axial direction of an outer surface of the surface layer is larger than that of at least one of two surface-layer end portions in the cylindrical axial direction of the outer surface of the surface layer. An image forming apparatus includes the electrophotographic photoreceptor; and a peripheral member capable of contacting a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor.

To provide a laminate including: a layer (1) including an organic material; a layer (2) including a siloxane compound and metal oxide, where the layer (2) is in contact with the layer (1); and a layer (3) including the metal oxide, where the layer (3) is in contact with the layer (2).

Provided is an electrophotographic photoreceptor having at least a charge transport layer and a protective layer sequentially laminated on a conductive support, wherein the protective layer contains a cured product of a composition containing a charge transport compound having a chain polymerizable functional group; the charge transport layer and the protective layer are continuously laminated with intervening a mixed layer therebetween in which components of both layers of the charge transport layer and the protective layer are compatible; and the mixed layer has a thickness in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 μm.

An electrophotographic belt including: a base layer, an elastic layer formed on the base layer, and a surface layer formed on the elastic layer. The surface layer contains a binder resin and polytetrafluoroethylene particles. A content of the polytetrafluoroethylene particles is 200 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. The polytetrafluoroethylene particles have a number average particle diameter of 200 nm or less.

It is an object of the present invention to provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of suppressing the environmental fluctuation in the electrical characteristics. The present invention provides the electrophotographic photosensitive member in which the surface layer contains the compound having the specific structure.

A charging member includes a conductive base material; an elastic layer that is provided on the conductive base material and has a storage elastic modulus G of 5.0 MPa or less at 100 Hz; and a surface layer that is provided on the elastic layer, in which in a Cole-Cole plot obtained by measuring the charging member in a range of 1 MHz to 0.1 Hz by an alternating current impedance method, a resistance component Ra of a capacitive semicircle including 2.5 kHz is 6.3×104Ω or less.

The object of the present invention is to provide a positive charging electrophotographic photoreceptor having high sensitivity, low residual potential, and excellent chargeability, and relates to a positive charging electrophotographic photoreceptor including a conductive support, a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer in this order, the photosensitive layer containing a charge generation substance, a positive hole transport substance, and an electron transport substance in the same layer, in which the positive hole transport substance includes at least one of the compounds represented by any one of the following formulas (1) to (5), and a binder resin of the protective layer is an alcohol-soluble thermoplastic resin, providing that the symbols in the formula are defined in the specification. ##STR00001##

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including an electroconductive support, a photosensitive layer, and a protection layer, wherein the protection layer contains electroconductive particles, a content of the electroconductive particles in the protection layer is 40 to 70 vol %, and a volume resistivity of the protection layer is 1.0×10.sup.9 to 1.0×10.sup.14 Ω.Math.cm.

An electrophotographic belt including: a base layer, an elastic layer formed on the base layer, and a surface layer formed on the elastic layer. The surface layer contains a binder resin and polytetrafluoroethylene particles. A content of the polytetrafluoroethylene particles is 200 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. The polytetrafluoroethylene particles have a number average particle diameter of 200 nm or less.