An image forming apparatus includes a first image forming part that forms a first image on a print medium using a photoluminescent developer containing a photoluminescent pigment; a second image forming part that forms a second image on the print medium using a coloring developer containing a coloring material; and a lamination part that laminates the first image and the second image on the print medium, wherein a viscoelastic phase angle (A) of the coloring developer and a viscoelastic phase angle (B) of the photoluminescent developer when measured at 125[ C.] using a viscoelasticity measuring device satisfy follow:
21.1[](A.Math.B)31.6[]. where A means a viscoelastic phase angle of the coloring developer, B means a viscoelastic phase angle of the photoluminescent developer.

A toner comprising a toner particle, the toner particle comprising a binder resin, wherein the toner particle comprises a monoester wax, and a fatty acid metal salt A is present on a surface of the toner particle, when X(A) is defined as a coverage ratio of the surface of the toner particle by the fatty acid metal salt A, as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and S(A) is defined as the coverage ratio of the surface of the toner particle by the fatty acid metal salt A, as determined by analysis of a scanning electron microscope image, the formulae below are satisfied:

S(A)0.03(1)

X(A)0.250(2)

0.248S(A)/X(A)1.000(3).

A toner comprising a toner particle comprising a resin A and a resin B; wherein: the resin A is a vinyl resin having a sulfonic acid-type group, the resin B is a polyester resin; and when in analysis of the toner particle using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, DA (nm) is defined as a depth at which an abundance of the resin A in a depth of 10 nm from a toner particle surface is a maximum, CA.sub.S (%) is defined as an abundance of the resin A at the depth DA, CB.sub.S (%) is defined as an abundance of the resin B at the depth DA, CA.sub.75 (%) is defined as an abundance of the resin A at a depth of 75 nm and CB.sub.75 (%) is defined as an abundance of the resin B at a depth of 75 nm, CA.sub.S, CA.sub.75, CB.sub.S and CB.sub.75 satisfy specific relationships.

A toner comprising a toner particle, wherein the toner particle includes a toner base particle containing a binder resin and includes a protruded portion on a surface of the toner base particle; the protruded portion comprises an organosilicon polymer and a polyhydric acid metal salt; and the polyhydric acid metal salt is present on a surface of the protruded portion.

A toner includes a europium complex represented by the following Chemical formula ##STR00001## where A represents 2-naphthyl group, 2-naphthyl group having a substitution group selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, and a halogen, R represents a fluoroalkyl group having one to three carbon atoms or a methyl group, and R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 each, independently represent hydrogen atoms, alkyl groups, or aryl groups, wherein the toner has a hydroxyl value of from 20 to 40 mgKOH/g.

Provided is an electrostatic latent image developing toner including toner mother particles having an external additive on a surface of the toner mother particles, wherein the external additive contains inorganic particles and aliphatic acid metal salt particles; the inorganic particles have a number average particle diameter in the range of 10 to 50 nm, and have a Mohs hardness of 8 or more; and the aliphatic acid metal salt particles have a number average particle diameter in the range of 0.4 to 2.0 m.

A toner comprises a toner particle containing an amorphous polyester, wherein the amorphous polyester contains an amorphous polyester 1, the amorphous polyester contains a tin compound and a titanium compound, a Sn/Ti abundance ratio between Sn and Ti in the amorphous polyester according to x-ray fluorescence analysis is 20/80 to 80/20, and a weight-average molecular weight Mw1 of the amorphous polyester 1 according to measurement by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is Mw1<7,000.

An external toner additive having a resin fine particle containing a crystalline resin and an inorganic fine particle embedded in the resin fine particle, wherein part of the inorganic fine particle is exposed on the surface of the resin fine particle, and in differential scanning calorimetry of the external toner additive, the maximum endothermic peak temperature T1 ( C.) during a first temperature increase and the maximum exothermic peak temperature T2 ( C.) during a first temperature decrease satisfy the formulae (1) to (3) below, with measurement performed between 40 C. and 150 C. at a rate of increase of 10 C./min during the first temperature increase and between 150 C. and 40 C. at a rate of decrease in temperature of 10 C./min during the first temperature decrease:

T1-T240.0(1)

50.0T1120.0(2)

10.0T280.0(3).

Provided is an external additive having a resin particle containing a crystalline resin, and an inorganic fine particle containing a metal atom, the inorganic fine particle being embedded in the resin particle, wherein part of the inorganic fine particle being exposed on a surface of the resin particle, the maximum endothermic peak temperature of the external additive during a first temperature rise is from 50.0 C. to 120 C., the shape factor SF-2 of the external additive is from 110 to 150, and the external additive satisfies following formulae (1) and (2) below, in which Za (mass%) is the percentage content of a metal atom contained in the inorganic fine particle on the surface of the external additive in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Zb (mass%) is the percentage content of the metal atom in thermogravimetric analysis of the external additive,

Za>15(1), and

Za/Zb0.7(2)

A toner comprising a binder resin and a colorant, wherein the toner has a Martens hardness, as measured at a maximum load condition of 2.010.sup.4 N, of from 200 MPa to 1,100 MPa.