An image forming apparatus includes: an image bearing member that is rotatable and supplied with toner to which lubricant has been added; a first cleaning section configured to remove the toner remaining on the image bearing member; a second cleaning section configured to remove the toner remaining on the image bearing member and left without being removed by the first cleaning section; and a control section that performs control to change removing performance in the first cleaning section.

A cleaning device of the disclosure includes a housing, a cleaning member, a cleaning blade, a seal member, a discharge screw, and a first film member as well as a second film member. In the housing, a waste toner containing part is formed. The discharge screw is placed in the waste toner containing part. The first film member and the second film member are reciprocatively moved in a radial direction of the rotating shaft. The first film member is so positioned as to be inclined constantly downward as it becomes farther and farther from the seal member. A second end portion of the second film member is placed between the discharge screw and the seal member.

A process unit includes a rotatable image bearer, an optical writing head to expose the image bearer within an maximum exposure range in an axial direction of the image bearer, a developer bearer, spacers disposed in axial end portions of the image bearer to determine a position of the optical writing head relative to the image bearer and slidingly contact the image bearer, a cleaner disposed downstream from the developer bearer in an image bearer rotation direction, and a remover to slidingly contact the axial end portion of the image bearer to remove a substance adhering thereto. In the axial direction, inner ends of the spacers are positioned inside a toner layer range of the developer bearer extending beyond a largest sheet width. The remover is disposed downstream from the cleaner and crossing a line extending from the inner end of the spacer perpendicularly to the axial direction.

A cleaning device includes an upstream cleaner, an upstream cleaner, and a collection member. The upstream cleaner is configured to remove toner from a surface of a cleaning target. The downstream cleaner is disposed downstream from the upstream cleaner in a direction of movement of the surface of the cleaning target. The downstream cleaner is configured to remove toner from the surface of the cleaning target. The collection member is configured to collect toner from the downstream cleaner.

In an adjustment step, an adjustment purpose toner image is formed on an intermediate transfer belt, and the adjustment purpose toner image is removed from the intermediate transfer belt by a cleaning member contacting the intermediate transfer belt and through an electrostatic cleaning step. This adjustment step is executed in a state where a toner attachment amount on a charging member is switched from a first limit value, which is allowed in the image forming step to a second limit value, which is allowed immediately before executing the adjustment step. This switching is performed by the execution of a toner discharging step, where a power supply changes the state of applying voltage to the charging member from that in the electrostatic cleaning step, so that toner attached to the charging member is transferred to the intermediate transfer belt.

An elastic deformation rate of a photoconductor, an additive amount of inorganic fine particles, and a rotary member are set to satisfy a relation of 0.6(D/(AB/C))/(1+E/20)0.82, where A is a thickness of fibers of a brush, B is a bristle density of the fibers of the brush, C is a length of the fibers of the brush, D is an elastic deformation rate obtained from a hardness test conducted using a Vickers diamond pyramid indenter at a temperature of 23 C. and a humidity of 50%, and E is the additive amount of the inorganic fine particles relative to 100 parts by mass of toner particles.

An image forming device includes: an image carrier on which a toner image is formed; and a cleaning blade which removes a residual material on the image carrier after the toner image is transferred to a transferred body, wherein the image carrier includes an elastic layer, the cleaning blade is a metallic plate spring, and a tip end of the cleaning blade is pressed against the image carrier by restoring force of the plate spring.

An image forming apparatus includes: an image bearing member that is rotatable and supplied with toner to which lubricant has been added; a first cleaning section configured to remove the toner remaining on the image bearing member; a second cleaning section configured to remove the toner remaining on the image bearing member and left without being removed by the first cleaning section; and a control section that performs control to change removing performance in the first cleaning section.

A process unit includes a rotatable image bearer, an optical writing head to expose the image bearer within an maximum exposure range in an axial direction of the image bearer, a developer bearer, spacers disposed in axial end portions of the image bearer to determine a position of the optical writing head relative to the image bearer and slidingly contact the image bearer, a cleaner disposed downstream from the developer bearer in an image bearer rotation direction, and a remover to slidingly contact the axial end portion of the image bearer to remove a substance adhering thereto. In the axial direction, inner ends of the spacers are positioned inside a toner layer range of the developer bearer extending beyond a largest sheet width. The remover is disposed downstream from the cleaner and crossing a line extending from the inner end of the spacer perpendicularly to the axial direction.

An image forming apparatus includes: a cleaning portion configured to remove toner stuck to a surface of an image carrier; a polishing roller that is rotatable while being in contact with the image carrier; a guide portion disposed with a gap having a predetermined width from an outer circumferential surface of the polishing roller, and configured to guide the removed toner to pass below the outer circumferential surface of the polishing roller; opening portions each formed in a predetermined size at a position below the lower portion of the outer circumferential surface of the polishing roller in the guide portion; and a housing including a wall surface that defines, together with an end of the guide portion in a rotation direction of the polishing roller, a falling path through which the toner falls from the end, the housing storing the cleaning portion and the polishing roller.